Sandwich semigroups in locally small categories. II: Transformations

Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc. (20M20) Groupoids, semigroupoids, semigroups, groups (viewed as categories) (18B40) Connections of semigroups with homological algebra and category theory (20M50) General structure theory for semigroups (20M10) Regular semigroups (20M17)

Abstract: Fix sets

X

and

Y

, and write

m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}

for the set of all partial functions

X o Y

. Fix a partial function

a : Y o X

, and define the operation

s t a r_{a}

on

m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}

by

f s t a r_{a} g = f a g

for

f, g i n m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}

. The sandwich semigroup

(m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}, s t a r_{a})

is denoted

m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a}

. We apply general results from Part I to thoroughly describe the structural and combinatorial properties of

m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a}

, as well as its regular and idempotent-generated subsemigroups, Reg

(m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a})

and

m a t h b b E (m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a})

. After describing regularity, stability and Green's relations and preorders, we exhibit Reg

(m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a})

as a pullback product of certain regular subsemigroups of the (non-sandwich) partial transformation semigroups

m a t h c a l {P T}_{X}

and

m a t h c a l {P T}_{Y}

, and as a kind of "inflation" of

m a t h c a l {P T}_{A}

, where

A

is the image of the sandwich element

a

. We also calculate the rank (minimal size of a generating set) and, where appropriate, the idempotent rank (minimal size of an idempotent generating set) of

m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a}

, Reg

(m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a})

and

m a t h b b E (m a t h c a l {P T}_{X Y}^{a})

. The same program is also carried out for sandwich semigroups of totally defined functions and for injective partial functions. Several corollaries are obtained for various (non-sandwich) semigroups of (partial) transformations with restricted image, domain and/or kernel.

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