On the value-distribution of iterated integrals of the logarithm of the Riemann zeta-function. I: Denseness

Abstract: We consider iterated integrals of

l o g z e t a (s)

on certain vertical and horizontal lines. Here, the function

z e t a (s)

is the Riemann zeta-function. It is a well known open problem whether or not the values of the Riemann zeta-function on the critical line are dense in the complex plane. In this paper, we give a result for the denseness of the values of the iterated integrals on the horizontal lines. By using this result, we obtain the denseness of the values of

i n t_{0}^{t} l o g z e t a (1 / 2 + i t^{'}) d t^{'}

under the Riemann Hypothesis. Moreover, we show that, for any

m g e q 2

, the denseness of the values of an

m

-times iterated integral on the critical line is equivalent to the Riemann Hypothesis.

Review text

Define \(\eta_m : \mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}\) by \[\eta_m(\sigma + it) = \int_0^t\eta_{m-1}(\sigma + it') \mathrm{d}t' + c_m(\sigma),\] where \[\eta_0(\sigma + it) = \log \zeta(\sigma + it), \quad c_m(\sigma) = \frac{i^m}{(m-1)!}\int_\sigma^\infty(\alpha - \sigma)^{m-1}\log\zeta(\alpha) \mathrm{d} \alpha.\] Also, define \(\tilde{\eta}_m : \mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}\) by \[\tilde{\eta}_m(\sigma + it) = \int_\sigma^\infty \tilde{\eta}_{m-1}(\alpha + it) \mathrm{d}\alpha,\] where \(\tilde{\eta}_0(\sigma + it) = \log \zeta(\sigma + it)\). Theorem 1. Let \(\frac{1}{2} \leq \sigma < 1\). If the numbers of zeros \(\rho = \beta + i\gamma\) of \(\zeta(s)\) with \(\beta > \sigma\) is finite, then the set \[\left \{\int_0^t \log \zeta(\sigma + it') \mathrm{d}t' \ \middle | \ t \in [0, \infty) \right\}\] is dense in the complex plane. Moreover, for each integer \(m \geq 2\), the following statements are equivalent. \begin{enumerate} \item The Riemann zeta function does not have any zeros whose real part is greater than \(\sigma\). \item The set \(\{\eta_m(\sigma + it)\ \vert \ t \in [0, \infty)\}\) is dense in the complex plane. \end{enumerate} Theorem 2. Let \(\frac{1}{2} \leq \sigma < 1\), and let \(m\) be a positive integer. Let \(T_0\) be any positive number. Then the set \[\{\tilde{\eta}_m(\sigma + it)\ \vert \ t \in [T_0, \infty)\}\] is dense in the complex plane.

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