Species substitution, graph suspension, and graded Hopf algebras of painted tree polytopes

DOI10.2140/AGT.2019.19.1019MaRDI QIDQ2000789zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Lisa Berry, Stefan Forcey, Patrick Showers, María O. Ronco

Publication date 28 June 2019

Published in Algebraic \& Geometric Topology (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08546

zbMATH Keywords

associahedronbinary treecofree coalgebracomposihedronHopf algebramultiplihedronoperadspecies

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Connections of Hopf algebras with combinatorics (16T30) (n)-dimensional polytopes (52B11)

Abstract: Combinatorial Hopf algebras of trees exemplify the connections between operads and bialgebras. Painted trees were introduced recently as examples of how graded Hopf operads can bequeath Hopf structures upon compositions of coalgebras. We put these trees in context by exhibiting them as the minimal elements of face posets of certain convex polytopes. The full face posets themselves often possess the structure of graded Hopf algebras (with one-sided unit). We can enumerate faces using the fact that they are structure types of substitutions of combinatorial species. Species considered here include ordered and unordered binary trees and ordered lists (labeled corollas). Some of the polytopes that constitute our main results are well known in other contexts. First we see the classical permutohedra, and then certain generalized permutohedra: specifically the graph associahedra of suspensions of certain simple graphs. As an aside we show that the stellohedra also appear as liftings of generalized permutohedra: graph composihedra for complete graphs. Thus our results give examples of Hopf algebras of tubings and marked tubings of graphs. We also show an alternative associative algebra structure on the graph tubings of star graphs.

Review text

Using various notions on rooted trees (painted, plane, weak-ordered, leveled ordered\dots), twelve combinatorial coalgebras are defined, on the model of the Loday-Ronco Hopf algebras of binary trees or of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations, or up to a bijection, of plane binary leveled trees. Eight of these combinatorial coalgebras are given structures of 1-sided Hopf algebras, with examples of coproducts and antipodes. Enumeration of eleven of these families of trees are done with the help of species substitution. The second half of the paper gives a geometric interpretation of these objects. A partial ordering of painted trees is used to represent certain of the considered families of trees as combinatorial equivalence classes of polytopes, described as generalized permutohedra. This includes stellohedra. A Hopf algebra of the faces of the stellohedra is finally defined with the notion of graph tubing.

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Cited in

(3)

• Cocommutative Hopf algebras of permutations and trees.
• Algebraic structures on graph associahedra
• Incidence categories

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