The matricial range of E₂₁

Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to functional analysis (46-02) Operator spaces and completely bounded maps (46L07) Noncommutative function spaces (46L52) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12) Dilations, extensions, compressions of linear operators (47A20) Operator spaces (= matricially normed spaces) (47L25)

Abstract: The matricial range of the

2 i m e s 2

matrix

E_{21}

(i.e., the

2 i m e s 2

unilateral shift) is described very simply: it consists of all matrices with numerical radius at most

1 / 2

. The known proofs of this simple statement, however, are far from trivial and they depend on subtle results on dilations. We offer here a brief introduction to the matricial range and a recap of those two proofs, following independent work of Arveson and Ando in the early 1970s.

Review text

Given a Hilbert space \(H\) and an operator \(T\in B(H)\), the matricial range of \(T\) is the sequence \(\mathbb{W}(T)=(\mathbb{W}_n(T))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\), where \[\mathbb{W}_n(T)=\{\phi(T)\mid \phi\colon\mathcal{OS}(T)\rightarrow M_n(\mathbb{C})\text{ unital and completely positive}\}.\] Here, by \(\mathcal{OS}(T)=\{I,T,T^*\}\) we denote the operator system generated by \(T\) and \(M_n(\mathbb{C})\) denotes the \(C^*\)-algebra of \(n\times n\) matrices with complex entries. The calculation of the matricial range is known to be extremely difficult and there are just a few cases when this has been done. The article under review is a survey, with many details worked out and many proofs, of calculation of the matricial range for the matrix \[E_{21}=\left[\begin{matrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0\end{matrix}\right],\] following two classical articles of \textit{W. Arveson} [Acta Math. 128, 271--308 (1972; Zbl 0245.46098)] and \textit{T. Ando} [Acta Sci. Math. 34, 11--15 (1973; Zbl 0258.47001)] and going through many related results on the dilation theory of operators or operator algebras. It provides a valuable source of information for mathematicians that are interested in the subject but are not necessarily specialists.

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