Homological stability and densities of generalized configuration spaces

chiral algebras chiral homology factorization algebras generalized configuration spaces homological densities homological stability Koszul duality Ran space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Nonabelian homological algebra (category-theoretic aspects) (18G50) Discriminantal varieties and configuration spaces in algebraic topology (55R80) Algebraic topology on manifolds and differential topology (57R19)

Abstract: We prove that the factorization homologies of a scheme with coefficients in truncated polynomial algebras compute the cohomologies of its generalized configuration spaces. Using Koszul duality between commutative algebras and Lie algebras, we obtain new expressions for the cohomologies of the latter. As a consequence, we obtain a uniform and conceptual approach for treating homological stability, homological densities, and arithmetic densities of generalized configuration spaces. Our results categorify, generalize, and in fact provide a conceptual understanding of the coincidences appearing in the work of Farb--Wolfson--Wood. Our computation of the stable homological densities also yields rational homotopy types which answer a question posed by Vakil--Wood. Our approach hinges on the study of homological stability of cohomological Chevalley complexes, which is of independent interest.

Review text

Homological stability is a feature shared by various spaces of configurations. The prototypical example is that of the \textit{unordered configuration spaces} \[ \mathrm{Conf}_d(X) := \{(x_1,\ldots,x_d) \mid x_i \neq x_j \text{ if }i \neq j\}/\Sigma_d, \] where for certain \(X\) there are stabilisation maps \[ \mathrm{Conf}_d(X) \to \mathrm{Conf}_{d+1}(X) \] which add another point, and induce isomorphisms on homology in a range tending to infinity with \(d\). This example goes back to \textit{V. I. Arnol'd}'s work on braid groups [Math. Notes 5, 138--140 (1969; Zbl 0277.55002); translation from Mat. Zametki 5, 227--231 (1969)], where \(X = \mathbb{C}\) and the stabilisation map adds a point ``near infinity. This paper proves such a stability result for Borel-Moore homology when \(X\) is an irreducible scheme of dimension \(\geq 1\), in the more general setting of the generalised configuration spaces \(Z^m_\mathbf{n}(X)\) (Theorem 7.4.1). These consist of points in \(X\), each labelled by one of \(m\) different colours, with the vector \(\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}^k_{\geq 0}\) encoding that at each point \(x\) in \(X\) there should exist a colour \(k\) so that there are less than \(n_k\) particles with this colour at \(x\). These spaces were popularised by the work of \textit{R. Vakil} and \textit{M. M. Wood} [Duke Math. J. 164, No. 6, 1139--1185 (2015; Zbl 1461.14020); ibid. J. 169, No. 4, 799--800 (2020; Zbl 1442.14053)]. This result is deduced using Koszul duality and factorisation homology from a corresponding stability result for cohomological Chevalley complexes (Theorem 5.1.17). Similar techniques yield a general homological stability for factorisation homology (Theorem 6.5.6), where the crucial hypothesis is that the input coLie-algebra is finite-dimensional. This is an algebro-geometric version of a result of \textit{A. Kupers} and \textit{J. Miller} [Math. Ann. 370, No. 1--2, 209--269 (2018; Zbl 1384.55009)]. The techniques used to obtain these results are then used to study homological densities as in the work of \textit{B. Farb} et al. [Adv. Math. 352, 670--716 (2019; Zbl 1459.57030)]. These concern the number of points over a finite field of an unordered configuration space of a variety, normalised through division by the number of points in the corresponding symmetric power. This paper proves a categorified version of such a result (Theorem A), which can be obtained to yield concrete computations of homological densities (Section 7.6 and 7.7). This paper proves several concrete results that are of interest to a mathematician working on configuration spaces, and constructs a powerful higher-categorical framework for studying related questions in the future.

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