A relatively short self-contained proof of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff theorem
I describe the subject of study and the essence of the results of this paper quoted from this paper. \begin{itemize} \item The subject of study is quoted from the abstract: ``We give a new purely algebraic proof of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff theorem, which states that the homogeneous components of the formal expansion of log\((e^{A}e^{B} )\) are Lie polynomials. \item The notation \(\mathbb{Q}\langle \langle \mathcal{A} \rangle \rangle\) is quoted below: ``Let \(\mathbb{Q}\langle \langle \mathcal{A} \rangle \rangle\) denote the ring of formal power series with rational coefficients in non-commuting variables from a set \(\mathcal{A}\). We assume that the set \(\mathcal{A}\) is finite and contains at least two elements. In this ring exponential and logarithm functions are defined by their power series expansions \[ \exp(X)=e^{X}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}X^{n}, \qquad \log(1+X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n}X^{n} \] for elements \(X\) of \(\mathbb{Q}\langle \langle \mathcal{A} \rangle \rangle\) without constant term. (\(\mathbb{Q}\) is a basic field). \item The essence of the proof of BCH theorem is quoted below: ``For two non-commuting variables \(A\), \(B\) we consider the formal expansion of \[ C = \log(e^{A}e^{B}) = C1 + C2 + \cdots \tag{1} \] in \(\mathbb{Q}\langle \langle A, B \rangle \rangle\), where for each \(n \ge 1\) all terms of degree \(n\) are collected in the homogeneous polynomial \(C_{n}\) of degree \(n\). The Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (BCH) theorem states that each of these polynomials \(C_{n}\) can be written as a Lie polynomial, i.e., a linear combination of \(A\) and \(B\) and (possibly nested) commutator terms in \(A\) and \(B\). \[ [B, C_{n}]=\sum_{m=2}^{n}\sum_{\substack{k_{1}+\cdots +k_{m}\\ k_{j}\ge 1}}\mathrm{ad}_{c_{k_1}}\circ \mathrm{ad}_{c_{k_2}}\circ \cdots \circ \mathrm{ad}_{c_{k_{m}}}(B)-\frac{1}{n!}\mathrm{ad}_{A}^{n}(B).\tag{3} \] Here we make two observations: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] Provided equation (3) can be uniquely solved for \(C_{n}\) , it can be used as a recurrence formula for the computation of the \(C_{n}\) . \item[2.] If we assume that all \(C_{k}\) for \(k < n\) are Lie polynomials in \(A\), \(B\), then it is obvious that the right-hand side of (3) is also a Lie polynomial. If we can show that \(C_{n}\) is a Lie polynomial provided \([B, C_{n} ]\) is a Lie polynomial, then, using induction on \(n\), this leads to a proof of the BCH theorem. \end{itemize} \end{itemize}
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