Difference equations related to number theory

DOI10.1007/978-3-030-60107-2_11MaRDI QIDQ2050477zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 31 August 2021

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60107-2_11

arithmetic functions Chebyshev polynomials classical orthogonal polynomials Dedekind's \(\eta\)-function difference equations Laguerre polynomials polynomials recurrences

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Recurrences (11B37) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Dedekind eta function, Dedekind sums (11F20) Miscellaneous applications of number theory (11Z05) Polynomials and rational functions of one complex variable (30C10) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. pertaining to difference and functional equations (39-06) Applications of difference equations (39A60)

Review text

As part of a collection on difference equations and applications [Zbl 1467.39001], this article requires a high level of knowledge on the subject. The authors recall the Dedekind's \(\eta\)-function they already studied in [Res. Math. Sci. 7, No. 1, Paper No. 3, 8 p. (2020; Zbl 1472.11122)], clarifying how its powers are linked to a polynomial defined recursively as follows: \begin{align*} P_1(x) &= x , \\ P_n(x) &= \frac{x}{n} \left( \sigma(n) + \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sigma(k) P_{n-k}(x) \right) , \end{align*} where \(x \in \mathbb{C}\) and \(\sigma(k)\) is the sum of the divisors of \(k\). After remarking the importance of \(P_n(x)\) in number theory, the authors acknowledge its irreducibility to a recurrence relation of bounded length and they propose to generalize it through the arithmetic functions \(g,h\): \begin{align*} P_1^{g,h}(x) &= x , \\ P_n^{g,h}(x) &= \frac{x}{h(n)} \left( g(n) + \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} g(k) P_{n-k}^{g,h}(x) \right) , \end{align*} with \(g: \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}\), \(h: \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), and \(g(1)=h(1)=1\). Beside a quick mention to the classical orthogonal polynomials as solutions of a specific differential equation, the authors distinguish the following subcases: \begin{align*} P_n^g (x) &= \frac{x}{n} \left( g(n) + \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} g(k) P_{n-k}^{g}(x) \right) , \\ Q_n^g (x) &= x \left( g(n) + \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} g(k) Q_{n-k}^{g}(x) \right) , \end{align*} related, respectively, to the associated Laguerre polynomials and to the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. The authors employ some of their previous results, obtained in collaboration with \textit{R. Tröger} [J. Difference Equ. Appl. 26, No. 4, 510--531 (2020; Zbl 1456.30010)], in order to analyze the limiting behavior of the main sequence \(\left( P_n^{g,h}(x) \right)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}\) and of the subsequence \(\left( Q_n^g (x) \right)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}\). Then the authors focus on the recurrence relations of \(P_n^g (x)\) and \(Q_n^g (x)\) for \(g(n)=1\): \begin{align*} P_n^1 (x) &= (-1)^n \binom{-x}{n} , \\ Q_n^1 (x) &= (x+1)^{n-1}x , \end{align*} finding a connection between them via a theorem of \textit{H. Poincaré} [Am. J. Math. 7, 203--258 (1885; JFM 17.0290.01)]; they eventually suggest a further investigation under arbitrary conditions. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1467.39001].

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