Continuation of relative equilibria in the n-body problem to spaces of constant curvature

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2021.10.038MaRDI QIDQ2051740zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Abimael Bengochea, Ernesto Perez-Chavela, Pablo Roldán, C. García-Azpeitia

Publication date 25 November 2021

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.03114

zbMATH Keywords

curved \(n\)-body problemPalais slice coordinatesrelative equilibriaspaces of constant curvature

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Analytical theory of ordinary differential equations: series, transformations, transforms, operational calculus, etc. (34A25) Three-body problems (70F07) (n)-body problems (70F10) Celestial mechanics (70F15)

Abstract: We prove that all non-degenerate relative equilibria of the planar Newtonian $n$--body problem can be continued to spaces of constant curvature $kappa$, positive or negative, for small enough values of this parameter. We also compute the extension of some classical relative equilibria to curved spaces using numerical continuation. In particular, we extend Lagrange's triangle configuration with different masses to both positive and negative curvature spaces.

Review text

In the paper the authors affirmatively answer the conjecture that all nondegenerate relative equilibria in the planar \(n\)-body problem can be continued to surfaces of constant nonzero curvature for all small positive and negative values of the curvature. Two proofs of the conjecture are given, one using Palais slicing coordinates and the other Lagrange multipliers. A numerical continuation procedure is presented and applied to Lagrange's triangle configuration with equal masses \(m_1=m_2=m_3 = 1\) and with unequal masses \(m_1=1\), \(m_2=2\), and \(m_3=3\), and to the kite configuration with masses \(m_1=1/2\) and \(m_2=m_3=m_4=1\) arranged as a convex parallelogram, as a concave parallelogram with \(m_1\) outside the triangle form by the three equal masses, and as a concave parallelogram with \(m_1\) inside the triangle form by the three equal masses. In these five numerical continuations the interval of curvature values for which numerical continuation occurred are \([-200,0.48]\), \([-200,0.19]\), \([-200,0.24]\), \([-24.48,0.22]\), and \([-0.56,0.29]\), where the lower bound of \(-200\) was a value where the numerical continuation procedure was terminated and so it doesn't correspond to a possible bifurcation. The paper concludes with a comparison of the Lagrange triangle solutions and the kite solutions on the same common surface of a given constant curvature, either a sphere or a hyperboloid. This view of things shows that the three bodies of the Lagrange triangle solution of unequal mass move on circles with different heights, which differs from the equal mass Lagrange triangle solution in which all the masses move on the same circle.

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Cited in

(17)

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• The validity of the continuum limit in the gravitational N-body problem
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• Relative equilibria of the restricted three-body problem in curved spaces
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