Noncut subsets of the hyperspace of subcontinua

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2021.107867MaRDI QIDQ2052558zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Javier Camargo, D. Maya-Escudero, Patricia Pellicer-Covarrubias

Publication date 26 November 2021

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2021.107867

zbMATH Keywords

continuum hyperspace nonblock set noncut set order arc shore set strong center set strong noncut set weak nonblock set

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Continua and generalizations (54F15) Hyperspaces of continua (54F16)

Review text

A continuum is a compact, connected, nonempty, metric space. The hyperspace of all nonempty closed subsets of a continuum \(X\) is denoted by \(2^X\). The symbol \(C(X)\) represents the hyperspace of all subcontinua of \(X\), whereas \(F_1(X)\) denotes the hyperspace of all singletons of \(X\). Moreover, if \(p\in X\), \(C_p(X) = \{B\in C(X) : p\in B\}\). These hyperspaces are considered with the Hausdorff metric. Given a continuum \(X\), a Whitney map \(\mu\colon C(X) \to [0,1]\) and \(p\in X\), the set \(\mu^{-1}(t) \cap C_p(X)\) is denoted by \(\mu^{-1}_p(t)\). In continuum theory there are different concepts related to the idea of being on the ``edge of a continuum or being a sort of noncut subset of a continuum. In this regard, for a nonempty closed subset \(B\) of a continuum \(X\) such that \(\text{int}_X(B) = \emptyset\), the following properties are defined: \(B\) is a subset of colocal connectedness, strong noncut subset, weak nonblock subset, shore subset, not strong center and noncut subset of \(X\). Furthermore, with these notions, the so-called hyperspaces of noncut sets of \(X\) are defined: \(CLC(X)\), \(SNC(X)\), \(NB(X)\), \(NB^\ast(X)\), \(S(X)\), \(NSC(X)\), \(NC(X)\). A study of these concepts, in the context of hyperspaces of continua, has been made by \textit{V. Martínez-de-la-Vega} and \textit{J. M. Martínez-Montejano} [Colloq. Math. 160, No. 2, 297--307 (2020; Zbl 1462.54029)]. They proved that \(F_1(X)\) belongs to some hyperspace of noncut sets of the hyperspaces \(2^X\), \(C_n(X)\) and \(F_n(X)\), where \(C_n(X)\) consists of those subsets of \(X\) with at most \(n\) components and \(F_n(X)\) of those subsets of \(X\) with at most \(n\) elements. In the paper under review, the authors present results on the study of all possible relationships among the conditions (a) and (b) and between (a) and (c) for: \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] \(\{p\}\) is an element of a certain hyperspace of noncut sets \(\mathcal{H}(X)\) of a continuum \(X\); \item[(b)] \(C_p(X)\) is an element of \(\mathcal{H}(C(X))\); and \item[(c)] an order arc from \(\{p\}\) to \(X\) is an element of \(\mathcal{H}(C(X))\). \end{itemize} Some interesting results presented are the following. For a continuum \(X\), \(p\in X\) and \(t\in [0,1)\): \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] If \(\{p\}\in CLC(X)\), then \(\mu^{-1}_p(t) \in CLC(\mu^{-1}(t))\) (Theorem 3.3). \item[(2)] If \(\{p\}\in SNC(X)\), then \(\mu^{-1}_p(t) \in SNC(\mu^{-1}(t))\) (Theorem 3.5). \item[(3)] If \(\mu^{-1}_p(t) \in NB^\ast(\mu^{-1}(t))\), then \(\{p\}\in NB^\ast(X)\) (Theorem 3.8). \item[(4)] If \(\mu^{-1}_p(t) \in S(\mu^{-1}(t))\), then \(\{p\}\in S(X)\) (Theorem 3.15). \item[(5)] If \(\mu^{-1}_p(t) \in NSC(\mu^{-1}(t))\), then \(\{p\}\in NSC(X)\) (Theorem 3.17). \end{itemize} Furthermore, \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] \(C_p(X)\in CLC(C(X))\) if and only if \(\{p\}\in CLC(X)\) (Theorem 3.3). \item[(2)] \(C_p(X)\in SNC(C(X))\) if and only if \(\{p\}\in SNC(X)\) (Theorem 3.5). \item[(3)] If \(C_p(X) \in NB^\ast(C(X))\), then \(\{p\}\in NB^\ast(X)\) (Theorem 3.8). \item[(4)] If \(C_p(X) \in NB(C(X))\), then \(\{p\} \in NB(X)\) (Theorem 3.9). \item[(5)] If \(C_p(X) \in S(C(X))\), then \(\{p\}\in S(X)\) (Theorem 3.15). \item[(6)] If \(C_p(X) \in NSC(C(X))\), then \(\{p\} \in NSC(X)\) (Theorem 3.17). \item[(8)] \(C_p(X) \in NC(C(X))\) if and only if \(\{p\} \in NC(X)\) (Theorem 3.20). \end{itemize} Also, the authors give very interesting examples proving that the converses are not true.

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