From non-unitary wheeled PROPs to smooth amplitudes and generalised convolutions

DOI10.1007/S40879-022-00557-1MaRDI QIDQ2097289zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Sylvie Paycha, Pierre J. Clavier, Loïc Foissy

Publication date 11 November 2022

Published in European Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00855

zbMATH Keywords

convolution distribution kernel graph PROP trace

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Graphs and abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields, etc.) (05C25) Polycategories/dioperads, properads, PROPs, cyclic operads, modular operads (18M85) Linear function spaces and their duals (46E99) Pseudodifferential operators (47G30)

Abstract: We introduce the concept of TRAP (Traces and Permutations), which can roughly be viewed as a wheeled PROP (Products and Permutations) without unit. TRAPs are equipped with a horizontal concatenation and partial trace maps. Continuous morphisms on an infinite dimensional topological space and smooth kernels (resp. smoothing operators) on a closed manifold form a TRAP but not a wheeled PROP. We build the free objects in the category of TRAPs as TRAPs of graphs and show that a TRAP can be completed to a unitary TRAP (or wheeled PROP). We further show that it can be equipped with a vertical concatenation, which on the TRAP of linear homomorphisms of a vector space, amounts to the usual composition. The vertical concatenation in the TRAP of smooth kernels gives rise to generalised convolutions. Graphs whose vertices are decorated by smooth kernels (resp. smoothing operators) on a closed manifold form a TRAP. From their universal properties we build smooth amplitudes associated with the graph.

Review text

PROPs, which stand for products and permutations, are generalizations of operads that parametrize operations with multiple inputs and multiple outputs but without directed cycles. Wheeled PROPs are generalizations of PROPs that have, furthermore, operations corresponding to loops. In this paper the authors introduce and study a similar structure called TRAP, which stand for trace and permutation. These objects are, roughly speaking, wheeled PROPs without units. For example, continuous morphisms on an infinite-dimensional topological space and smooth kernels on a closed manifold form a TRAP but not a wheeled PROP. The authors construct free TRAPs and show that each TRAP can be completed to a wheeled PROP. Moreover, they show that each TRAP can be equipped with a vertical concatenation that realizes the usual composition on the TRAP of linear homomorphisms of a vector space. For the TRAP of smooth kernels, vertical concatenation are generalized convolutions.

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