On bundles of matrix pencils under strict equivalence

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2022.10.029MaRDI QIDQ2104961zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Fernando De Terán, Froilán M. Dopico

Publication date 8 December 2022

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10237

bundle closure Jordan canonical form Kronecker canonical form majorization matrix pencil matrix polynomial open set orbit spectral information strict equivalence

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Eigenvalues, singular values, and eigenvectors (15A18) Canonical forms, reductions, classification (15A21) Matrix pencils (15A22) Matrices over function rings in one or more variables (15A54)

Review text

Let \(A\) and \(B\) be two \(m\times n\) matrices over \(\mathbb{C}\). Consider the orbit of the pencil \(L(\lambda ):=A+B\lambda \) (where \(\lambda \) is an indeterminant) under the action of the group \(\mathrm{GL}_{m}(\mathbb{C})\times \mathrm{GL}_{n}(\mathbb{C)}\) defined by \(L(\lambda )\longmapsto PL(\lambda )Q\) for all \(P\in \mathrm{GL}_{m}(\mathbb{C})\) and \(Q\in \mathrm{GL}_{n}(\mathbb{C)}\); this is denoted by \(\mathcal{O}(L(\lambda ))\). Pairs \((A,B)\) for which the pencils \( A+B\lambda \) lie in the same orbit are said to be strictly equivalent. The (normal) rank \(r_{L}\) of \(L(\lambda )\) is the rank of \(L(\lambda )\) over the field \(\mathbb{C}\left( \lambda \right) \) and a complex number \(\mu \in \mathbb{C}\) is a (finite) eigenvalue of \(L(\lambda )\) if \(\mathrm{rank}(L(\mu ))<r_{L} \). We write \(\mathbb{\bar{C}}:=\mathbb{C}\cup \{\infty \}\) and say that \(\infty \) is an infinite eigenvalue of \(L(\lambda )\) if \(\mathrm{rank}(B)<r_{L}\). A classical theorem states that in each orbit there is an (essentially unique) pencil of a special form called the Kronecker canonical form (KCF). The KCF for \(L(\lambda )\) is a block diagonal matrix where the various blocks (not necessarily square) are associated with the eigenvalues of \( L(\lambda )\). The bundle \(\mathcal{B}(L(\lambda ))\) containing \(L(\lambda )\) consists of all pencils of the same shape as \(L(\lambda )\) whose KCFs can be obtained by replacing the eigenvalues by other elements of \(\mathbb{\bar{C}}\) under the condition that equal eigenvalues are replaced by equal values and different eigenvalues by different values. Thus bundles form a partition of the set of all \(m\times n\) pencils and each bundle is a union of disjoint orbits of strictly equivalent pencils. The set of all \(m\times n\) pencils can be identified with \(\mathbb{C}^{2mn}\) and so has a natural topology. The authors answer the following questions: (1) given two pencils determine when the closures of their bundles satisfy \(\mathcal{\bar{B}} (L_{1})\subseteq \mathcal{\bar{B}}(L_{2})\); (2) show that each bundle is open in its own closure. The answer to (1) reads roughly as: the relation holds if and only if the KCF for \(L_{1}\) can be obtained from the KCF for \(L_{2}\) by replacing equal eigenvalues of \(L_{2}\) by equal values from \(\mathbb{\bar{C}} \) (without the condition that different eigenvalues are replaced by different eigenvalues). The proof of (2) relies on the fact that \(\mathcal{ \bar{B}}(L)\setminus \mathcal{B}(L)\) is a union of a finite number of orbits.

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