On Urysohn's lemma for generalized topological spaces in ZF

DOI10.1007/S00025-021-01585-1MaRDI QIDQ2120286zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Eleftherios Tachtsis, Eliza Wajch, Jacek Hejduk

Publication date 31 March 2022

Published in Results in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.05139

zbMATH Keywords

generalized topologynormalityUrysohn's lemma

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Axiom of choice and related propositions (03E25) Consistency and independence results (03E35) Topological spaces and generalizations (closure spaces, etc.) (54A05) Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Higher separation axioms (completely regular, normal, perfectly or collectionwise normal, etc.) (54D15)

Abstract: A strong generalized topological space is an ordered pair $mathbfX=langleX,mathcalTangle$ such that $X$ is a set and $mathcalT$ is a collection of subsets of $X$ such that $emptyset,XinmathcalT$ and $mathcalT$ is stable under arbitrary unions. A necessary and sufficient condition for a strong generalized topological space $mathbfX$ to satisfy Urysohn's lemma or its appropriate variant is shown in $mathbfZF$. Notions of a U-normal and an effectively normal generalized topological space are introduced. It is observed that, in $mathbfZF+mathbfDC$, every U-normal generalized topological space satisfies Urysohn's lemma. It is shown that every effectively normal generalized topological space satisfies Csasz'ar's modification of Urysohn's Lemma. A $mathbfZF$- example of a strong generalized topological normal space which satisfies the Tietze-Urysohn Extension Theorem and fails to satisfy Urysohn's Lemma is shown.

Review text

A generalized topology [\textit{Á. Császár}, Acta Math. Hung. 96, No. 4, 351--357 (2002; Zbl 1006.54003)] on a set is a family of subsets of the set that is closed under arbitrary unions. One can copy the definition of normality to generalized topological spaces and characterize normality using Urysohn's Lemma [\textit{Á. Császár}, ibid. 115, No. 4, 309--313 (2007; Zbl 1135.54301)]. The present paper investigates how much choice is needed to prove Urysohn's lemma (and the Tietze extension theorem) in this general setting. To this end the authors consider two spaces as possible codomains: \(\mathbb{R}\), the real line with its normal topology~\(\tau_n\), and~\(\mathbf{R}\), the real line with the generalized topology~\(g\tau_n\), defined as of the closure under all unions of the family of all intervals of the form \((-\infty,a)\) and \((a,\infty)\). One can formulate Urysohn's lemma and Tietze's theorem with both these spaces as codomains; it turns out that \(\mathbf{R}\) satisfies three of the four statements, it does not satisfy Urysohn's lemma with codomain~\(\mathbb{R}\).\par Inspection of the standard proof of Urysohn's lemma will show that it holds under the assumption of~\(\mathsf{DC}\), the Principle of Dependent Choices. The authors show that the same holds for generalized topologies, with codomain~\(\mathbf{R}\), and under some extra assumptions on the space with codomain~\(\mathbb{R}\).

Recommendations

• Normal generalized topologies
• Compactness and compactifications in generalized topology
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2203366
• A uniform approach to normality for topological spaces
• A unified theory of generalized closed sets in weak structures
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6609822
• Regular relations and normality of topologies
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1205883
• Contra continuity on generalized topological spaces
• On (,)-closed sets in generalized topological spaces

Cites work

• Auswahlaxiom in der Algebra
• Continuing horrors of topology without choice
• Generalized topology, generalized continuity
• Geordnete Läuchli Kontinuen
• Hausdorff compactifications in ZF
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 42114 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1201510 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3326329 (Why is no real title available?)
• Injectivity, Projectivity, and the Axiom of Choice
• Normal generalized topologies
• On a strong generalized topology with respect to the outer Lebesgue measure
• On functions continuous with respect to a density type strong generalized topology
• On supratopological spaces
• Some results related to supra topological spaces
• The axiom of choice
• The foundations of mathematics
• The Urysohn lemma is independent of ZF + countable choice
• Versions of Normality and Some Weak Forms of the Axiom of Choice

Cited in

(6)

• Urysohn's lemma in Schröder categories
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1117716 (Why is no real title available?)
• The Urysohn lemma is independent of ZF + countable choice
• Urysohn's lemma in weak structures
• A case study of transporting Urysohn's lemma from topology via open sets into topology via neighborhoods
• Quasiorders for a characterization of iso-dense spaces

This page was built for publication: On Urysohn's lemma for generalized topological spaces in \(\mathbf{ZF}\)

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q2120286)