Nonlinear eigenvalue problems and bifurcation for quasi-linear elliptic operators

Variational methods for second-order elliptic equations (35J20) Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations (35J25) Quasilinear elliptic equations (35J62)

Abstract: In this paper, we analyze an eigenvalue problem for quasi-linear elliptic operators involving homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions in a open smooth bounded domain. We show that the eigenfunctions corresponding to the eigenvalues belong to

L^{i n f t y}

, which implies

C^{1, a l p h a}

smoothness, and the first eigenvalue is simple. Moreover, we investigate the bifurcation results from trivial solutions using the Krasnoselski bifurcation theorem and from infinity using the Leray-Schauder degree. We also show the existence of multiple critical points using variational methods and the Krasnoselski genus.

Review text

This paper deals with the nonlinear eigenvalue Dirichlet problem \[ \begin{cases} -\Delta u-\Delta_pu =\lambda u, \ \ \ &\text{in} \ \ \Omega,\\ u=0 &\text{on} \ \ \partial\Omega, \end{cases}\tag{P} \] where \(\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^N\) \((N\geq 2)\) is a bounded smooth domain and \(p\in (1,2)\cup (1,\infty)\). By means of variational methods, the authors show that the set of the ``first eigenvalues of problem (P), that is, the eigenvalues whose corresponding eigenfunctions are not sign-changing, is exactly the open interval \((\lambda_1^{D},\infty)\), where \(\lambda_1^{D}\) is the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian on \(\Omega\). The authors also prove that any weak solution of problem (P) belongs to \(L^\infty(\Omega)\) and, as a consequence, they derive the \(C^{1,\alpha}\)-regularity of all eigenfunctions. As additional results, it is proved the simplicity of each first eigenvalue \(\lambda\in (\lambda_1^{D},\infty)\) and that the pair \((\lambda_k^{D},0)\) (resp. \((\lambda_k^{D},\infty)\) ) is a bifurcation point for problem (P) provided that \(\lambda_k^{D}\) is an eigenvalue of the Laplacian on \(\Omega\) with odd multiplicity and \(p>2\) (resp. \(1<p<2\)). Moreover, if \(1<p<2\) and \(\lambda_k^{D}\) is of odd multiplicity, the authors also show that the pair \((\lambda_k^{D},0)\) is a bifurcation point for the nonlocal problem \[ \left\{\begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u-\lambda \left(\int_\Omega |\nabla u|^2dx\right)^{2-\frac{p}{2}}\Delta_pu =\lambda u, \ \ \ &\text{in} \ \ \Omega,\\ u=0 &\text{on} \ \ \partial\Omega. \end{array}\right. \] Finally, for \(\lambda \in (\lambda_k^{D},\lambda_{k+1}^{D})\), the existence of at least \(k\) pairs of nontrivial solutions to problem \((P)\) is proved via variational methods and Krasnoselski genus.

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