Evolving evolutoids and pedaloids from viewpoints of envelope and singularity theory in Minkowski plane
The paper deals with special types of curves (evolutoids and pedaloids) in the Minkowski plane. Let \({\mathbb R}_1^2\) denote the Minkowski plane; i.e., the plane supplied with the metric based on the scalar product \(\left\langle\left(\begin{array}[c]{c} u_0 \\ u_1 \end{array}\right), \left(\begin{array}[c]{c} v_0 \\ v_1 \end{array}\right)\right\rangle = -u_0 v_0 + u_1 v_1\) and let \({\boldsymbol \gamma}: \left\{\begin{array}[c]{rcl} I & \rightarrow & {\mathbb R}_1^2 \\ s &\mapsto & {\boldsymbol \gamma}(s) \end{array} \right\}\) be a curve with no light-like tangents which means \(\langle {\boldsymbol \gamma}', {\boldsymbol \gamma}'\rangle = \langle \frac{d {\boldsymbol \gamma}}{ds}(s), \frac{d {\boldsymbol \gamma}}{ds}(s) \rangle \not= 0\) for all \(s \in I\). (Here \(s\) denotes the arclength parameter of \({\boldsymbol \gamma}\) in the sense of the Minkowski metric.) Then the \textit{evolutoid} \(\mathbf{Ev}[\phi]_{{\boldsymbol \gamma}}(s)\) belonging to the angle \(\phi\) is the envelope curve of the set of lines one gets by rotating all tangents of \({\boldsymbol \gamma}\) by angle \(\phi\) about their respective contact points with \({\boldsymbol \gamma}\). The \textit{pedaloid} \(\mathbf{Pe}[\psi]_{{\boldsymbol \gamma}}(s)\) belonging to the angle \(\psi\) is the locus of points obtained as follows: \begin{itemize} \item Rotate each tangent of \({\boldsymbol \gamma}\) by angle \(\psi\) about its respective contact point. \item Construct the (Minkowskian) normal to this line through the origin \(O\). \item Determine the intersection point of these two lines. \end{itemize} Here, of course, the angles \(\phi\) and \(\psi\) are to be understood in the sense of the underlying Minkowski metric. Various theorems on these types of curves are proven, for example the following: If \(\psi = 0\) then the pedaloid \(\mathbf{Pe}[0]_{{\boldsymbol \gamma}}(s)\) is the envelope curve of the family of Minkowski circles which have the origin \(O\) and -- for running \(s\) -- the point \({\boldsymbol \gamma}(s)\) as diameter endpoints. The notions of evolutoids and pedaloids are also generalized to so-called \textit{frontals}. Moreover the singularity-behaviour of the introduced curve classes is discussed.
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