Odd-order differential equations with deviating arguments: asymptomatic behavior and oscillation
In this paper, the authors discuss the nonoscillatory and asymptotic behavior of delay differential equations of odd-order \[ (a(\eta)(\psi^{(n-1) }(\eta))^{\kappa})'+q(\eta)f(\psi(\phi(\eta)))=0\tag{1.1} \] and \[ \left(a(\eta)\left(v^{(n-1) }(\eta)\right)^{\kappa}\right)'+q(\eta)f(\psi(\phi(\eta)))=0, \quad v(\eta)=\psi(\eta)+p(\eta)\psi(\tau(\eta))\quad \tag{1.2} \] under the assumption that \(n\ge 3\) is an odd integer; \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(\kappa\) is the ratio of odd natural numbers;\\ \item[(ii)] \(q, p\in C([\eta_{0},\infty),(0,\infty))\) and \(0\le p(\eta)<1\);\\ \item[(iii)] \(a,\tau,\phi \in C^{1}([\eta_{0},\infty))\), \(a(\eta)>0\), \(a'(\eta)\ge0\), \(\phi(\eta) \ge \eta \ge \tau(\eta)\), \(\lim_{\eta\to\infty}\tau(\eta)=\infty\);\\ \item[(iv)] \(f \in C(\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})\), \(f(\psi)\ge k\psi^{\kappa}\) and \[\pi(\eta)=\int_{\eta_{0}}^{\eta}\dfrac{1}{a^{1/\kappa}(s)}\text{d}s \to \infty \quad \text{as} \quad \eta \to \infty.\] \end{itemize} The authors provide sufficient conditions which guarantee that every nonoscillatory solution \(\psi(\eta)\) of (1.1) and (1.2) satisfy \(\lim_{\eta \to \infty}\psi(\eta)=0\) (see Theorems 3.1 and 3.2). The authors also derive results on the asymptotic behavior of the nonoscillatory solution of (1.2) (see Theorems 3.3 and 3.4). To prove the results, the authors use Riccati transformation and some analytical skill.
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