Existence of minimizers for causal variational principles on compact subsets of momentum space in the homogeneous setting

Set functions and measures and integrals in infinite-dimensional spaces (Wiener measure, Gaussian measure, etc.) (28C20) Existence theories for problems in abstract spaces (49J27) Methods involving semicontinuity and convergence; relaxation (49J45) Variational principles of physics (49S05) Fermionic systems in quantum theory (81V74)

Abstract: We prove the existence of minimizers in the class of negative definite measures on compact subsets of momentum space in the homogeneous setting under several side conditions (constraints). The method is to employ Prohorov's theorem. Given a minimizing sequence of negative definite measures, we show that, under suitable side conditions, a unitarily equivalent subsequence thereof is bounded. By restricting attention to compact subsets, from Prohorov's theorem we deduce the existence of minimizers in the class of negative definite measures.

Review text

The author considers the kernel of the fermionic projector \(P(\xi ):V\rightarrow V\), where \(V\) is a finite-dimensional complex vector space, endowed with an indefinite inner product \(\prec \cdot \mid \cdot \succ \), defined as \(P(\xi )=\int_{\widehat{K}}e^{ip\xi }d\omega (p)\), where \( \widehat{K}\) is a compact set in the momentum space \(\widehat{\mathcal{M}}\) which may be identified with the Minkowski space \(\mathcal{M}\), which may be identified with \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\). He introduces the class \(\mathfrak{Ndm}\) of negative definite measures on \(\widehat{K}\) taking values in \(L(V)\), the class of vector-valued Borel measures \(d\nu \) on a compact set \(\widehat{ K}\subset \widehat{M}\) taking values in \(L(V)\) such that \(d\prec u\mid - \nu u\succ \) is a positive finite measure for all \(u\in V\). The causal variational principle in the homogeneous setting consists to minimize the action \(\mathcal{S}:\mathfrak{Ndm}\rightarrow \lbrack 0,+\infty ]\) defined as \(\mathcal{S}(\nu )=\int_{\widehat{M}}\mathcal{L}[A(\xi )]d\mu (\xi )\), by suitably varying \(d\nu \) in \(\mathfrak{Ndm}\), where \(\mathcal{L}[A(\xi )]=\left\vert A(\xi )^{2}\right\vert -\frac{1}{2n}\left\vert A(\xi )\right\vert ^{2}\) and \(A\in L(V)\). The author proves the existence of minimizers for this causal action in the class of negative definite measures on compact subsets of the momentum space in the homogeneous setting under constraints. The main result of the paper indeed proves that if \((d\nu ^{(j)})_{j\in \mathbb{N}}\) is a minimizing sequence of negative definite measures in \(\mathfrak{Ndm}\) of the causal variational principle with respect to the constraints \(Tr_{V}(\nu (\widehat{K}))=c\) and \(Tr_{V}(-S\nu ( \widehat{K}))\leq f\) or \(Tr_{V}(\nu (\widehat{K}))=c\) and \(\left\vert \nu ( \widehat{K})\right\vert \leq f\), for given constants \(c,f>0\), respectively, there exists a sequence of unitary operators \((U_{j})_{j\in \mathbb{N}^{\ast }}\) on \(V\) (with respect to \(\prec \cdot \mid \cdot \succ \)) and a subsequence \((d\nu ^{(j_{k})})_{k\in \mathbb{N}}\), such that \((U_{j_{k}}d\nu ^{(j_{k})}U_{j_{k}}^{-1})_{k\in \mathbb{N}}\) converges weakly to some negative definite measure \(d\nu \neq 0\). Moreover, \(\mathcal{S}(\nu )\leq \lim \inf_{k\rightarrow \infty }\mathcal{S}(\nu ^{(j_{k})})\) and the limit measure \(d\nu \in \mathfrak{Ndm}\) satisfies the above constraints. In particular, the limit measure \(d\nu \) is a non-trivial minimizer of the causal variational principle with respect to the above constraints. The author first proves boundedness properties of minimizing sequences. He uses Prohorov's theorem to prove that a sequence of negative definite measures which is bounded and uniformly tight has a subsequence which converges weakly.

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