The number of limit cycles by perturbing a piecewise linear system with three zones
Linear ordinary differential equations and systems (34A30) Discontinuous ordinary differential equations (34A36) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10) Perturbations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, normal forms, small divisors, KAM theory, Arnol'd diffusion (37J40)
Let \(n\) be a positive integer, \(x_1>x_2>\cdots>x_n\). In this paper, the authors consider the following planar piecewise smooth system defined in \(n+1\) zones separated by \(n\) straight lines \(x=x_i\) for \(1\leq i \leq n\): \begin{align*} \dot{x}&=H_{0y}(x, y)+\varepsilon p_0(x, y), \qquad \dot{y}=-H_{0x}(x, y)+\varepsilon q_0(x, y)\quad \text{for } x>x_1,\\ \dot{x}&=H_{ky}(x, y)+\varepsilon p_k(x, y), \qquad \dot{y}=-H_{kx}(x, y)+\varepsilon q_k(x, y)\quad \text{for } x_{k+1}<x\leq x_{k},\\ \dot{x}&=H_{ny}(x, y)+\varepsilon p_n(x, y), \qquad \dot{y}=-H_{nx}(x, y)+\varepsilon q_n(x, y)\quad \text{for } x\leq x_{n}, \end{align*} where \(1\leq k \leq n-1\), \(H_{j}(x, y)\), \(p_{j}(x, y)\) and \(q_{j}(x, y)\) are \(C^{\infty}\) functions in \((x, y)\in \mathbb{R}^2\) for \(0\leq j \leq n\), \(\varepsilon>0\) is a small parameter. Under the assumption that the unperturbed system (i. e. when \(\varepsilon=0\)) has a period annulus \(\mathcal{A}\) consists of a one-parameter family of clockwise periodic orbits which intersects each of the switching line transversally exactly two times, the authors present a new proof of the expression of the generalized first-order Melnikov function for \(\mathcal{A}\). Then for the special case of \(n=2\), they study the number of limit cycles by perturbing a piecewise linear Hamiltonian system with polynomials of degree \(m\). By computing the number of simple zeros of the Melnikov function, they prove that \(2m+3\left[\frac{m+1}{2}\right]\) limit cycles bifurcate from the generalized double homoclinic loop for \(\varepsilon>0\) small enough.
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