Wilker and Huygens type inequalities for mixed trigonometric-hyperbolic functions

Abstract: Motivated by the work of J. S'andor [19], in this paper we establish a new Wilker type and Huygens type inequalities involving the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Moreover, in terms of hyperbolic functions, the upper and lower bounds of sin(x)/x and tan(x)/x are given.

Review text

Some trigonometric-hyperbolic Wilker-type and Huygens-type inequalities are obtained. The main results are given in the following two theorems. Theorem. For \(0<x<\frac{\pi}{2}\) the following inequalities hold: \[ 2-\frac{x^2}{2} < \frac{x}{\sin x} + \left( \frac{\tanh x}{x}\right)^2 < 2 < 2+\frac{x^4}{180} < \left( \frac{\sin x}{x} \right)^2 + \frac{x}{\tanh x}, \] \[ \frac{\sinh x}{x}+ \left( \frac{x}{\tan x}\right)^2 < 2-\frac{x^2}{6} < 2 < 2 +\frac{x^5}{45 \tan x} < \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x} \right)^2 + \frac{x}{\tan x}. \] Theorem. For \(0<x<\frac{\pi}{2}\) the following inequalities hold: \[ 2\frac{\sinh x}{x} + \frac{x}{\tan x} < 3 -\frac{x^4}{180} < 3 < 3+\frac{31x^4}{180} <2\frac{x}{\sinh x} + \frac{\tan x}{x}, \] \[ \frac{\sinh x}{x} + 2\frac{x}{\tan x} < 3 -\frac{x^2}{2} < 3 < 3+\frac{x^2}{2} <\frac{x}{\sinh x} + 2\frac{\tan x}{x}, \] \[ 3 -\frac{x^4}{180} <2\frac{\sin x}{x} + \frac{x}{\tanh x} < 3 <2\frac{x}{\sin x} + \frac{\tanh x}{x} < 3+\frac{31x^4}{180}, \] \[ 3 -\frac{x^2}{2} <\frac{x}{\sin x} + 2\frac{\tanh x}{x} < 3 <\frac{\sin x}{x} + 2\frac{x}{\tanh x} < 3+\frac{x^2}{2}. \]

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