The criticality of reversible quadratic centers at the outer boundary of its period annulus

Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37) Asymptotic expansions of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E05)

Abstract: This paper deals with the period function of the reversible quadratic centers �egin{equation*} X_{ p}=-y(1-x)partial_x+(x+Dx^2+Fy^2)partial_y, end{equation*} where

p = (D, F) i n R^{2} .

Compactifying the vector field to

S c^{2}

, the boundary of the period annulus has two connected components, the center itself and a polycycle. We call them the inner and outer boundary of the period annulus, respectively. We are interested in the bifurcation of critical periodic orbits from the polycycle

o u t_{p}

at the outer boundary. A critical period is an isolated critical point of the period function. The criticality of the period function at the outer boundary is the maximal number of critical periodic orbits of

X_{p}

that tend to

o u t_{p_{0}}

in the Hausdorff sense as

p o p_{0} .

This notion is akin to the cyclicity in Hilbert's 16th Problem. Our main result (Theorem A) shows that the criticality at the outer boundary is at most 2 for all

p = (D, F) i n R^{2}

outside the segments

- 1 i m e s [0, 1]

and

0 i m e s [0, 2]

. With regard to the bifurcation from the inner boundary, Chicone and Jacobs proved in their seminal paper on the issue that the upper bound is 2 for all

p i n R^{2} .

In this paper the techniques are different because, while the period function extends analytically to the center, it has no smooth extension to the polycycle. We show that the period function has an asymptotic expansion near the polycycle with the remainder being uniformly flat with respect to~

p

and where the principal part is given in a monomial scale containing a deformation of the logarithm. More precisely, Theorem~A follows by obtaining the asymptotic expansion to fourth order and computing its coefficients, which are not polynomial in~

p

but transcendental.

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