Optimal orders of the best constants in the Littlewood-Paley inequalities

Maximal functions, Littlewood-Paley theory (42B25) (H^p)-spaces (42B30) Spaces of measurable functions ((L^p)-spaces, Orlicz spaces, Köthe function spaces, Lorentz spaces, rearrangement invariant spaces, ideal spaces, etc.) (46E30)

Abstract: Let

{m a t h b b P_{t}}_{t > 0}

be the classical Poisson semigroup on

m a t h b b R^{d}

and

G^{m a t h b b P}

the associated Littlewood-Paley

g

-function operator:

G^{mathbb{P}}(f)=Big(int_0^infty t|frac{partial}{partial t} mathbb{P}_t(f)|^2dtBig)^{frac12}.

The classical Littlewood-Paley

g

-function inequality asserts that for any

1 < p < i n f t y

there exist two positive constants

m a t h s f L_{t, p}^{m a t h b b P}

and

m a t h s f L_{c, p}^{m a t h b b P}

such that

�ig(mathsf{L}^{mathbb{P}}_{t, p}�ig)^{-1}�ig|f�ig|_{p}le �ig|G^{mathbb{P}}(f)�ig|_{p} le mathsf{L}^{mathbb{P}}_{c,p}�ig|f�ig|_{p},,quad fin L_p(mathbb{R}^d).

We determine the optimal orders of magnitude on

p

of these constants as

p o 1

and

p o i n f t y

. We also consider similar problems for more general test functions in place of the Poisson kernel. The corresponding problem on the Littlewood-Paley dyadic square function inequality is investigated too. Let

D e l t a

be the partition of

m a t h b b R^{d}

into dyadic rectangles and

S_{R}

the partial sum operator associated to

R

. The dyadic Littlewood-Paley square function of

f

is

S^Delta(f)=Big(sum_{RinDelta} |S_R(f)|^2Big)^{frac12}.

For

1 < p < i n f t y

there exist two positive constants

m a t h s f L_{c, p, d}^{D e l t a}

and

m a t h s f L_{t, p, d}^{D e l t a}

such that

�ig(mathsf{L}^{Delta}_{t,p, d}�ig)^{-1}�ig|f�ig|_{p}le �ig|S^Delta(f)�ig|_{p}le mathsf{L}^{Delta}_{c,p, d}�ig|f�ig|_{p},quad fin L_p(mathbb{R}^d).

We show that

mathsf{L}^{Delta}_{t,p, d}approx_d (mathsf{L}^{Delta}_{t,p, 1})^d; ext{ and }; mathsf{L}^{Delta}_{c,p, d}approx_d (mathsf{L}^{Delta}_{c,p, 1})^d.

All the previous results can be equally formulated for the

d

-torus

m a t h b b T^{d}

. We prove a de Leeuw type transference principle in the vector-valued setting.

Review text

The author studies the optimal constants (up to dimensional factors) for the two-sided \(L^p(\mathbb R^d)\)-equivalence for the Littlewood-Paley \(g\)-function \[ G^{\mathbb P}(f):=\left(\int_0 ^\infty t\left|\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\mathbb P_t(f)\right|^2\mathrm{d} t \right)^{\frac12} \] where \(\{\mathbb P_t\}_{t>0}\) is the Poisson semigroup on \(\mathbb R^d\). In the inequality \[ (\mathsf{L} _{t,p} ^{\mathbb P})^{-1} \|f\|_p \leq \| G^{\mathbb P}(f)\|_p\leq \mathsf{L} _{c,p} ^{\mathbb P} \|f\|_p \] the author shows the sharp estimate \(\mathsf{L} _{c,p} ^{\mathbb P} \approx \max(\sqrt{p},p^\prime)\) and also the estimates \(\mathsf{L} _{t,p} ^{\mathbb P}\approx 1 \) for \(1<p\leq 2\), and \(\sqrt{p}\lesssim \mathsf{L} _{t,p} ^{\mathbb P} \lesssim_d p\) for \(2\leq p<\infty\). The author also studies the corresponding problem, and proves similar estimates, for the heat semigroup, but also for a much wider class of (continuous) square functions given in the form \[ G^{\varphi}(f):=\left(\int_0 ^\infty \left|\varphi_t \ast f\right|^2\mathrm{d} t \right)^{\frac12} \] where \(\varphi\in L^1(\mathbb R^d)\) satisfies suitable decay and (Hölder) regularity estimates, and \(\varphi_t(x):=t^{-d}\varphi(x/t)\). More precisely the author proves that \(\mathsf L_{c,p} ^{\varphi}\), defined as above with \(\phi\) replacing the Poisson kernel \(\mathbb P\), satisfies \(\mathsf L_{c,p} ^{\varphi}\lesssim_d \max(\sqrt{p},p^\prime)\). If additionally there exists a suitable function \(\psi\) satisfying the same growth and regularity conditions as \(\phi\) and \[ \int_0 ^\infty \widehat \varphi(t\xi)\widehat \psi (t\xi)\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{t}=1,\qquad \forall \xi\in\mathbb R^d\setminus\{0\}, \] then the author shows that \(\mathsf L_{t,p} ^{\varphi}\lesssim_d p\). The author highlights an important open question: Is it true there holds \(\mathsf L_{t,p} ^{\varphi} \lesssim_d \sqrt{p}\) for \(2\leq p<\infty\)? In particular, this question is open even for the \(g\)-function corresponding to the Poisson or to the heat kernel. Another open question suggested by the author is whether the following dimension-free estimate holds: \(\mathsf L_{c,p} ^{\mathbb H}\lesssim \max(\sqrt{p},p^\prime)\), where \(\mathbb H\) is the heat kernel.

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