Optimal orders of the best constants in the Littlewood-Paley inequalities (Q2149502)

The author studies the optimal constants (up to dimensional factors) for the two-sided \(L^p(\mathbb R^d)\)-equivalence for the Littlewood-Paley \(g\)-function \[ G^{\mathbb P}(f):=\left(\int_0 ^\infty t\left|\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\mathbb P_t(f)\right|^2\mathrm{d} t \right)^{\frac12} \] where \(\{\mathbb P_t\}_{t>0}\) is the Poisson semigroup on \(\mathbb R^d\). In the inequality \[ (\mathsf{L} _{t,p} ^{\mathbb P})^{-1} \|f\|_p \leq \| G^{\mathbb P}(f)\|_p\leq \mathsf{L} _{c,p} ^{\mathbb P} \|f\|_p \] the author shows the sharp estimate \(\mathsf{L} _{c,p} ^{\mathbb P} \approx \max(\sqrt{p},p^\prime)\) and also the estimates \(\mathsf{L} _{t,p} ^{\mathbb P}\approx 1 \) for \(1<p\leq 2\), and \(\sqrt{p}\lesssim \mathsf{L} _{t,p} ^{\mathbb P} \lesssim_d p\) for \(2\leq p<\infty\). The author also studies the corresponding problem, and proves similar estimates, for the heat semigroup, but also for a much wider class of (continuous) square functions given in the form \[ G^{\varphi}(f):=\left(\int_0 ^\infty \left|\varphi_t \ast f\right|^2\mathrm{d} t \right)^{\frac12} \] where \(\varphi\in L^1(\mathbb R^d)\) satisfies suitable decay and (Hölder) regularity estimates, and \(\varphi_t(x):=t^{-d}\varphi(x/t)\). More precisely the author proves that \(\mathsf L_{c,p} ^{\varphi}\), defined as above with \(\phi\) replacing the Poisson kernel \(\mathbb P\), satisfies \(\mathsf L_{c,p} ^{\varphi}\lesssim_d \max(\sqrt{p},p^\prime)\). If additionally there exists a suitable function \(\psi\) satisfying the same growth and regularity conditions as \(\phi\) and \[ \int_0 ^\infty \widehat \varphi(t\xi)\widehat \psi (t\xi)\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{t}=1,\qquad \forall \xi\in\mathbb R^d\setminus\{0\}, \] then the author shows that \(\mathsf L_{t,p} ^{\varphi}\lesssim_d p\). The author highlights an important open question: Is it true there holds \(\mathsf L_{t,p} ^{\varphi} \lesssim_d \sqrt{p}\) for \(2\leq p<\infty\)? In particular, this question is open even for the \(g\)-function corresponding to the Poisson or to the heat kernel. Another open question suggested by the author is whether the following dimension-free estimate holds: \(\mathsf L_{c,p} ^{\mathbb H}\lesssim \max(\sqrt{p},p^\prime)\), where \(\mathbb H\) is the heat kernel.