Sloshing, Steklov and corners: asymptotics of sloshing eigenvalues

DOI10.1007/S11854-021-0188-XMaRDI QIDQ2164772zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Michael Levitin, Leonid Parnovski, Iosif Polterovich, David A. Sher

Publication date 17 August 2022

Published in Journal d'Analyse Mathématique (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01891

mixed Steklov-Neumann boundary value problem planar domains with corners sloshing problem

Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations (35J25) Asymptotic distributions of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P20)

Abstract: In the present paper we develop an approach to obtain sharp spectral asymptotics for Steklov type problems on planar domains with corners. Our main focus is on the two-dimensional sloshing problem, which is a mixed Steklov-Neumann boundary value problem describing small vertical oscillations of an ideal fluid in a container or in a canal with a uniform cross-section. We prove a two-term asymptotic formula for sloshing eigenvalues. In particular, this confirms a conjecture posed by Fox and Kuttler in 1983. We also obtain similar eigenvalue asymptotics for other related mixed Steklov type problems, and discuss applications to the study of Steklov spectral asymptotics on polygons.

Review text

The papers deals with several Steklov problems, and the main results are the spectral asymptotics for their eigenvalues. The first problem reads as \[ \begin{cases} \Delta u=0 &\quad \text{in }\Omega, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=0 &\quad \text{on } \mathcal{W},\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=\lambda u &\quad \text{on }S, \end{cases}\tag{1} \] where \(\dfrac{\partial}{\partial n}\) denotes the external normal derivative on \(\partial\Omega\), and \(\Omega\) is a simply connected bounded planar domain with Lipschitz boundary such that \(\partial \Omega=S\cup \mathcal{W}\), where \(S:=(A,B)\) is a line segment. By \(L\) we denote the length of \(S\). Let \(0<\alpha,\beta\le\pi\) be the angles at the vertices \(A\) and \(B\), respectively; at these vertices the boundary of \(\Omega\) can have corners. The walls \(\mathcal{W}\) are \textit{straight near the corners} if there exist points \(A_1, B_1\in\mathcal{W}\) such that the line segments \(AA_1\) and \(BB_1\) are subsets of \(\mathcal{W}.\) Let \(\lambda_k\) be the eigenvalues of the considered problem taken in the ascending order counting their multiplicities. The first result is the following theorem. Theorem 1. Let \(\Omega\) be a simply connected bounded Lipschitz planar domain with the sloshing surface \(S=(A,B)\) of length \(L\) and walls \(\mathcal{W}\) which are \(C^1\)-regular near the corner points \(A\) and \(B\). Let \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) be the interior angles between \(\mathcal{W}\) and \(S\) at the points \(A\) and \(B\), resp., and assume \(0<\beta \le \alpha < \pi/2 \). Then the following asymptotic expansion holds as \(k\to \infty\): \[ \lambda_k L=\pi\left(k-\frac 12\right)-\frac{\pi^2}{8}\left(\frac 1{\alpha}+\frac 1{\beta}\right)+r(k), \quad \text{where } r(k)=o(1). \] If, moreover, the walls \(\mathcal{W}\) are straight near the corners, then \[ r(k)=O\left(k^{1-\frac{\pi}{2\alpha}}\right). \] The second problem reads as \[ \begin{cases} \Delta u=0 & \quad\text{in }\Omega, \\ u=0 &\quad \text{on }\mathcal{W},\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=\lambda^D u &\quad \text{on }S, \end{cases} \] and its eigenvalues are denoted by \(\lambda_k^D\). Here the main result is as follows. Theorem 2. Assume that the domain \(\Omega\) and its boundary \(\partial \Omega=S \cup\mathcal{W}\) satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 1. Let \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) be the interior angles between \(\mathcal{W}\) and \(S\) at the points \(A\) and \(B\), resp., and assume \(0<\beta \le \alpha < \pi/2 \). Then the following asymptotic expansion holds as \(k\to \infty\): \[ \lambda_k^D L=\pi\left(k-\frac 12\right)+\frac{\pi^2}{8}\left(\frac 1{\alpha}+\frac 1{\beta}\right)+r^D(k), \quad \text{where} \quad r^D(k)=o(1). \] If, moreover, the walls \(\mathcal{W}\) are straight near the corner points \(A\) and \(B\), then \[ r^D(k)= O\left(k^{1-\frac{\pi}{\alpha}}\right). \] The third problem is a higher order Sturm-Liouville problem. For a given \(q\in \mathbb{N}\), consider an eigenvalue problem on an interval \((A,B) \subset \mathbb{R}\) of length \(L\): \[ (-1)^q U^{(2q)}(x) = \Lambda^{2q} U(x), \] with either Dirichlet \[ U^{(m)}(A)=U^{(m)}(B)=0,\,\, m=0,1,\dots, q-1, \] or Neumann \[ U^{(m)}(A)=U^{(m)}(B)=0, \,\, m=q,q+1,\dots,2q-1, \] boundary conditions. The eigenvalues are denoted by \(\Lambda_k\). The main result is the following theorem. Theorem 3. For any \(q\in \mathbb{N}\), the following asymptotic formula holds for the eigenvalues \(\Lambda_k\): \[ \Lambda_k L= \pi \left(k-\frac{1}{2}\right) -\frac{\pi q}{2} + O\left(er^{-k/C}\right) \] where \(C>0\) is some positive constant. Moreover, let \(\lambda_k\), \(k=1,2,\dots\), be the eigenvalues of a sloshing problem 1 with straight walls near the corners making equal angles \(\pi/2q\) at both corner points with the sloshing surface \(S\) of length \(L\). Then \[ \lambda_k = \Lambda_k + O\left(er^{-k/C}\right), \] and the eigenfunctions \(u_k\) of the sloshing problem decrease exponentially away from the sloshing boundary \(S\).

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