Certain properties of Konhauser matrix polynomials via Lie algebra techniques
The author of this paper studies generating matrix functions for the second-kind Konhauser matrix polynomials (KMPs) by invoking the techniques of the Lie group theory. By recalling the definition of the second-kind Konhauser matrix polynomials \(Y_n^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x;k} \right)\) given in the recent paper of \textit{S. Varma} et al. [Ars Comb. 100, 193--204 (2011; Zbl 1265.33027)] by \[ Y_n^{(A,\lambda)}(x;k)=\frac{1}{n!}\sum\limits_{r = 0}^n\sum\limits_{s=0}^r\frac{(-1)^s}{(\lambda x)^r}s!(r-s)!(\frac{1}{k}((s+1)I+A))_n\tag{1} \] for a matrix \(A\) in \({\mathbb{C}^{N \times N}}\) all of whose eigenvalues \(\mu \in \sigma(A)\)(the spectrum of \(A\)) satisfy the condition \(\Re \left( \mu \right) > - 1,\) \(\lambda \in \mathbb{C}\) with \(\Re\left( \lambda \right) > 0, k \in \mathbb{N},\) the author proves the following Rodrigues formula for second-kind Konhauser matrix polynomials: Theorem 2.2 Let \(A\) be a matrix in \(\mathbb{C}^{N\times N}\) satisfying the condition \(\Re \left( \mu \right) > - 1\) for all eigenvalues \(\mu \in \sigma \left( A \right)\) and \(\lambda\) is the complex number with \(\Re\left( \lambda \right) > 0\). Then Rodrigues formula for second-kind Konhauser matrix polynomials \(Y_n^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x;k} \right)\) is given as: \[ Y_n^{(A,\lambda)}(x;k)=\frac{1}{n!k^n}x^{-A-(kn+1)I}\exp(\lambda x)(x^{k+1D})^n[x^{A+I}\exp(-\lambda x)].\tag{2} \] He also derives a number of interesting integral representations and recurrence relations for these polynomials in the Theorems 2.5 and 2.7. A matrix differential recurrence relation satisfied by these polynomials is given in Theorem 2.9, while the matrix differential equation satisfied by these KMPs is derived in Theorem 2.10. Two novel generating matrix functions for these KMPs are proven in the Theorems 2.13 and 2.14 which deserve a special mention here: Theorem 2.13 The second-kind Konhauser matrix polynomials \(Y_n^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x;k} \right)\) have the following generating matrix functions: \[ \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{1}{{n!}}} Y_m^{\left( {A + nI,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x;k} \right){t^n} = {e^t}Y_m^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x - \frac{1}{\lambda }t;k} \right)\lambda \ne 0\tag{3} \] where \(m\) is a non-negative integer. Theorem 2.14 For a matrix \(A \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times N}\) satisfying the condition that \(\Re \left( \mu \right) > - 1\) for all of its eigenvalues \(\mu \in \sigma(A)\), the following generating matrix function of KMPs holds \[ \begin{array}{l} \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{{\left( {n + r} \right)!}}{{n!r!}}} {u^n}Y_{n + r}^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x;k} \right) = {\left( {1 - u} \right)^{ - \frac{1}{k}\left( {A + I} \right)}}\exp \left[ {\lambda x\left( {1 - {{\left( {1 - u} \right)}^{ - \frac{1}{k}}}} \right)} \right] \\ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} & {} & {} & {} \\ \end{array}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} & {} & {} & {} \\ \end{array}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} & {} & {} & {} \\ \end{array} \times Y_r^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x{{\left( {1 - u} \right)}^{ - \frac{1}{k}}};k} \right){\left( {1 - u} \right)^{ - r}},\left| u \right| < 1, \\ \end{array}\tag{4} \] The author discusses the Lie operators of the second-kind KMPs in the third section of the paper and on the basis of these he derives more generating matrix functions for these polynomials in the fourth section, amongst which the following is a shining example: \[ \begin{array}{l} \exp \left( {\lambda x - \frac{b}{y}} \right){\left. {\left\{ {Y_n^{\left( {A,\lambda } \right)}\left( { - \frac{\partial }{{\partial u}};k} \right)\exp \left( {\frac{b}{y}{u^k} - \lambda ux} \right)} \right\}} \right|_{u = 1}} \\ = \sum\limits_{m = 0}^\infty {\frac{{{b^m}{y^{ - m}}}}{{m!}}Y_{n - m}^{\left( {A + mkI,\lambda } \right)}\left( {x;k} \right)} ,y \ne 0. \\ \end{array}\tag{5} \] Some applications of the results developed in this section are also discussed by the author. In the fifth section the author further discusses some more generating matrix relations for the second-kind KMPs. The reviewer finds the paper an important contribution in the direction of the investigations of generating matrix functions of the second-kind KMPs by using the Lie algebraic techniques.
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