Zapponi-orientable dessins d'enfants

Planar graphs; geometric and topological aspects of graph theory (05C10) Graphs and abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields, etc.) (05C25) Arithmetic aspects of dessins d'enfants, Bely? theory (11G32) Dessins d'enfants theory (14H57)

Abstract: Almost two decades ago Zapponi introduced a notion of orientability of a clean dessin d'enfant, based on an orientation of the embedded bipartite graph. We extend this concept, which we call Z-orientability to distinguish it from the traditional topological definition, to the wider context of all dessins, and we use it to define a concept of twist orientability, which also takes account of the Z-orientability properties of those dessins obtained by permuting the roles of white and black vertices and face-centres. We observe that these properties are Galois-invariant, and we study the extent to which they are determined by the standard invariants such as the passport and the monodromy and automorphism groups. We find that in general they are independent of these invariants, but in the case of regular dessins they are determined by the monodromy group.

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Dessins d'enfants (french synonym for child-drawing) were introduced by Grothendieck in the 1980s in his famous \textit{Equisse d'un programme}. One of the main goals in this program was to study the absolute Galois group \(\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb {Q})\) by its action on geometric objects. Surprisingly, the natural action of \(\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb {Q})\) on dessins d'enfants is faithful. So in order to understand the mysterious \(\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb {Q})\), one of the problems is how to determine Galois orbits, or in other words to determine whether or not two given dessins d'enfants are in the same orbit of \(\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb {Q})\). The main Galois invariants in tackling this problem are \textit{genus, type, monodromy group, automorphism group} and \textit{passport}. In the article under review, the authors define two new Galois invariants, which they call \textbf{Z-orientability} and \textbf{twist-invariant orientability type}, by generalizing Zapponi's work. Moreover, they give five equivalent characterizations of Z-orientability and prove that \(\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb {Q})\) acts faithfully on the classes of Z-orientable dessins d'enfants. They also construct some interesting dessins d'enfants and show that the twist-invariant orientability type of a regular dessin d'enfant is determined by its monodromy group.

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