Linear independence of values of G-functions

Irrationality; linear independence over a field (11J72) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35) Asymptotic approximations, asymptotic expansions (steepest descent, etc.) (41A60)

Abstract: Given any non-polynomial

G

-function

F (z) = s u m_{k = 0}^{i} n f t y A_{k} z^{k}

of radius of convergence

R

, we consider the

G

-functions

F_{n}^{[s]} (z) = s u m_{k = 0}^{i} n f t y f r a c A_{k} (k + n)^{s} z^{k}

for any integers

s g e q 0

and

n g e q 1

. For any fixed algebraic number

a l p h a

such that

0 e x t l e s s v e r t a l p h a v e r t e x t l e s s R

and any number field

m a t h b b K

containing

a l p h a

and the

A_{k}

's, we define

P h i_{a l p h a, S}

as the

m a t h b b K

-vector space generated by the values

F_{n}^{[s]} (a l p h a)

,

n g e 1

and

0 l e q s l e q S

. We prove that

u_{m a t h b b K, F} l o g (S) l e q d i m_{m a t h b b K} (P h i_{a l p h a, S}) l e q v_{F} S

for any

S

, with effective constants

u_{m a t h b b K, F} e x t g r e a t e r 0

and

v_{F} e x t g r e a t e r 0

, and that the family

(F_{n}^{[s]} (a l p h a))_{1 l e n l e v_{F}, s g e 0}

contains infinitely many irrational numbers. This theorem applies in particular when

F

is an hypergeometric series with rational parameters or a multiple polylogarithm, and it encompasses a previous result by the second author and Marcovecchio in the case of polylogarithms. The proof relies on an explicit construction of Pad'e-type approximants. It makes use of results of Andr'e, Chudnovsky and Katz on

G

-operators, of a new linear independence criterion `a la Nesterenko over number fields, of singularity analysis as well as of the saddle point method.

Review text

Let \(R\) be a positive real number, \(\mathbb K\) be a number field and \(\alpha\in\mathbb K\) with \(0<\vert \alpha\vert <R\). Set \(F(z)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k\) with radius \(R\) and where \(A_k\in\mathbb K\) for all non-negative integers \(k\). For any integers \(n\geq 1\) and \(s\geq 0\) set \(F_{n,s}(z)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{A_k}{(n+k)^s}z^{k+n}\). For any non-negative integer \(S\) set \(\Phi_{\alpha ,S}\) the \(\mathbb K\)-vector space spanned by the numbers \(F_{n,s}(\alpha)\) for \(n\geq 1\) and \(0\leq s\leq S\). Let \(\mu\) be a non-negative integer. Assume that \(L=\sum_{j=0}^\mu P_j(z)(d/dz)^j\in\overline{\mathbb Q}[z,d/dz]\) such that \(LF(z)=0\) and \(L\) is of minimal order for \(F\). Denote by \(\delta\) the degree of \(L\) and \(\omega >0\) the multiplicity of \(0\) as a singularity of \(L\). Set \(l=\delta -\omega\) and \(l_0=\max(l,t_1,\dots ,t_\nu)\) where \(t_1,\dots ,t_\nu\) are the integer exponents of \(L\) at \(\infty\). Suppose that \(F\) is not polynomial. Then the authors prove that there exists an effective constant \(C(F)>0\) such that for any \(\beta\in\mathbb K\) with \(0<\vert\beta\vert <R\) we have \[\frac{1+o(1)}{[\mathbb K:\mathbb Q]C(F)}\log(S)\leq \dim_{\mathbb K}\Phi_{\beta ,S}\leq l_0S+\mu. \] The second inequality holds for all \(S\geq 0\) while in the first one, \(o(1)\) is for \(S\to\infty\).

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