The effect of topology on the number of positive solutions of elliptic equation involving Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev critical exponent

Variational methods applied to PDEs (35A15) Positive solutions to PDEs (35B09) Nonlinear elliptic equations (35J60) Existence of solutions for minimax problems (49J35) Abstract critical point theory (Morse theory, Lyusternik-Shnirel'man theory, etc.) in infinite-dimensional spaces (58E05)

Abstract: In this article we are concern for the following Choquard equation [ -Delta u = lambda |u|^{q-2}u +left(int_Omega frac{|u(y)|^{2^*_mu}}{|x-y|^mu} dy ight)|u|^{2^*_mu-2} u ; ext{in}; Omega,quad u = 0 ; ext{ on } partial Omega , ] where

O m e g a

is an open bounded set with continuous boundary in

m a t h b b R^{N} (N g e q 3)

,

2_{m u}^{*} = f r a c 2 N - m u N - 2

and

q i n [2, 2^{*})

where

2^{*} = f r a c 2 N N - 2

. Using Lusternik-Schnirelman theory, we associate the number of positive solutions of the above problem with the topology of

O m e g a

. Indeed, we prove if

l a m b d a < l a m b d a_{1}

then problem has

e x t {c a t}_{O m e g a} (O m e g a)

positive solutions whenever

q i n [2, 2^{*})

and

N > 3

or

4 < q < 6

and

N = 3

.

Review text

The following elliptic Choquard type equation is considered \[ -\Delta u=\lambda |u|^{q-2}u+\left( \int_\Omega \frac{|u(y)|^{2^*_\mu}}{|x-y|^\mu}\,dy\right)|u|^{2^*_\mu -2 }u, \quad u>0 \text{ in } \Omega, \] with \(u=0\) on \(\partial \Omega\), where \(\Omega\) ia an open bounded set with continuous boundary in \(\mathbb R^N\) \(( N\geq 3)\), \(2^*_\mu=(2N-\mu)/N-2\) and \(q\in [2,2N/(N-2))\). The main result states that for sufficiently small \(\lambda\) the problem has at least \(Cat (\Omega)\) positive solutions under one of the following conditions: \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] \(N>3\) and \(q\in [2,2N/(N-2))\), or \item[(b)] \(N=3\) and \(4<q<6\). \end{itemize} \(\mathrm{Cat}(\Omega)\) is the Ljusternik-Schnirelman category: \[ \mathrm{Cat} (\Omega)=\min \{ k\in \mathbb N : \exists \text{ closed } Y_1,\dots,Y_k \subset \Omega \text{ contractible in } \Omega \text{ and } \cup_{i=1}^kY_i=\Omega \}. \]

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