Courant's nodal domain theorem for positivity preserving forms

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Abstract: We introduce a notion of nodal domains for positivity preserving forms. This notion generalizes the classical ones for Laplacians on domains and on graphs. We prove the Courant nodal domain theorem in this generalized setting using purely analytical methods.


In [Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 1923, 81--84 (1923; JFM 49.0342.01)] \textit{R. Courant} proved a result about the nodal domains of the eigenfunctions of a self-adjoint differential operator associated to a quadratic form on a bounded domain of \(\mathbb{R}^d\) with Dirichlet boundary conditions. A nodal domain is a maximal connected set where an eigenfunction does not change its sign. The authors first introduce a notion of nodal domains for positivity preserving forms with compact resolvent, i.e., quadratic forms on an \(L^2\)-space associated to self-adjoint compact resolvents \((L+I)^{-1}\) that map positive functions to positive functions. This notion covers Courant's one and other variations in the literature. Then the authors establish a Courant-type result for these forms.











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