Expansions of real closed fields that introduce no new smooth functions

Abstract: We prove the following theorem: let

w i d e t i l d e m a t h c a l R

be an expansion of the real field

o v e r l i n e m a t h b b R

, such that every definable set (I) is a uniform countable union of semialgebraic sets, and (II) contains a "semialgebraic chunk". Then every definable smooth function

f : X s u b s e t e q m a t h b b R^{n} o m a t h b b R

with open semialgebraic domain is semialgebraic. Conditions (I) and (II) hold for various d-minimal expansions

w i d e t i l d e m a t h c a l R = l a n g l e o v e r l i n e m a t h b b R, P a n g l e

of the real field, such as when

P = 2^{m} a t h b b Z

, or

P s u b s e t e q m a t h b b R

is an iteration sequence. A generalization of the theorem to d-minimal expansions

w i d e t i l d e m a t h c a l R

of

m a t h b b R_{a n}

fails. On the other hand, we prove our theorem for expansions

w i d e t i l d e m a t h c a l R

of arbitrary real closed fields. Moreover, its conclusion holds for certain structures with d-minimal open core, such as

l a n g l e o v e r l i n e m a t h b b R, m a t h b b R_{a l g}, 2^{m} a t h b b Z a n g l e

.

Review text

This paper gives sufficient conditions for an expansion of an ordered real closed field \(\mathcal R=\langle R, <, +, \cdot\rangle\) having no definable smooth functions with open semialgebraic domains other than smooth semialgebraic functions (i.e. Nash functions). The sufficient conditions are: (i) For every definable set \(X \subseteq R^n\), there exist a semialgebraic family \(\{Y_t\}_{t \in R^m}\) of sfubsets of \(R^n\) and a definable subset \(S \subseteq R^m\) of dimension zero such that \(X=\bigcup_{t \in S} Y_t\); (ii) For every definable set \(X \subseteq R^n\), there exists a semialgebraic cell \(Y\) such that, \(Y \subseteq X\), \(\dim Y=\dim X\), and, for any \(y \in Y\), we have \(y \in B \cap X \subseteq Y\) for some open box \(B\). The set \(Y\) is called a semialgebraic chunk of \(X\) in the paper; (iii) For every semialgebraic family \(\{X_t\}_{t \in R^m}\) of subsets of \(R^n\) and a definable subset \(S \subset R^m\) of dimension zero, we have \(\dim \left(\bigcup_{t \in S} X_t\right)=\max_{t \in S}\dim X_t\). The conditions (i) through (iii) are satisfied by the d-minimal expansions \(\langle \overline{\mathbb R}, P\rangle\) of the ordered real field \(\overline{\mathbb R} =\langle \mathbb R, <, +, \cdot\rangle\) by \(P=2^{\mathbb Z}\), or an iteration sequence \(P \subset \mathbb R\). This result can be easily extended to expansions of ordered real closed fields whose open cores satisfy the conditions (i) through (iii). The above assertion is proved essentially using the fact that the Zariski closure of a semialgebraically connected Nash submanifold is an irreducible algebraic set, which is known in real algebraic geometry. A similar assertion does not hold in a different setting. For instance, the expansion \(\langle \mathbb R_{\text{an}},e^{2\pi\mathbb Z}\rangle\) of the restricted real field \(\mathbb R_{\text{an}}\) has a definable smooth function not definable in \(\mathbb R_{\text{an}}\) though it satisfies the conditions similar to (i) through (iii).

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