Maximal nonassociativity via fields

DOI10.1007/S10623-020-00800-4MaRDI QIDQ2211334zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Petr Lisoněk

Publication date 11 November 2020

Published in Designs, Codes and Cryptography (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09825

zbMATH Keywords

finite fieldsmaximally nonassociative quasigroups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal arrays, Latin squares, Room squares (05B15) Loops, quasigroups (20N05)

Abstract: We say that $(x,y,z)in{Q}^3$ is an associative triple in a quasigroup $Q(\ast )$ if $(x\ast y)\ast z=x\ast (y\ast z)$. Let $a(Q)$ denote the number of associative triples in $Q$. It is easy to show that $a(Q)ge|Q|$, and we call the quasigroup maximally nonassociative if $a(Q)=|Q|$. It was conjectured that maximally nonassociative quasigroups do not exist when $|Q|>1$. Dr'apal and Lisonv{e}k recently refuted this conjecture by proving the existence of maximally nonassociative quasigroups for a certain infinite set of orders $|Q|$. In this paper we prove the existence of maximally nonassociative quasigroups for a much larger set of orders $|Q|$. Our main tools are finite fields and the Weil bound on quadratic character sums. Unlike in the previous work, our results are to a large extent constructive.

Review text

A finite quasigroup \(Q\) is \emph{maximally nonassociative} if \[ |\{ (x,y,z) \in Q^3 \,:\, (xy)z = x(yz)\}| \le |Q|. \] In the present paper, the authors show that there exists a maximally nonassociative quasigroup of order \(n\) if \begin{itemize} \item \(n \ge 9\) is a prime power with \(n \equiv 1 \pmod 4\), or \item \(n \ge 19\) is a prime power with \(n \equiv 3 \pmod 4\), or \item the \(p\)-adic valuation \(\nu_p (n)\) satisfies \(\nu_p(n) \neq 1\) for \(p \in \{3,5,7,11\}\), \(\nu_2 (n)\) is even and \(\nu_2 (n) \not\in \{2,4\}\). \end{itemize} The maximally nonassociative quasigroups of prime power order \(q\) are explicitly constructed from the finite field \(\mathbb{F}_q\) using a parameter \(a \in \mathbb{F}_q\); the authors use the Weil bound on certain character sums to show that a suitable \(a\) exists.

Recommendations

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Cites work

• A course in combinatorics.
• Extreme nonassociativity in order nine and beyond
• High nonassociativity in order 8 and an associative index estimate
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3838327 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3693578 (Why is no real title available?)
• Maximal nonassociativity via nearfields
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• On quasigroups with few associative triples
• The Magma algebra system. I: The user language

Cited in

(9)

• Maximally nonassociative quasigroups via quadratic orthomorphisms
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 416766 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5183516 (Why is no real title available?)
• Maximal T-spaces of free associative algebras over a finite field
• High nonassociativity in order 8 and an associative index estimate
• Substructures in Latin squares
• ON THE NUMBER OF QUADRATIC ORTHOMORPHISMS THAT PRODUCE MAXIMALLY NONASSOCIATIVE QUASIGROUPS
• Extreme nonassociativity in order nine and beyond
• Isotopisms of quadratic quasigroups

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• Magma

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