Mappings of finite distortion: size of the branch set

DOI10.1515/ACV-2017-0034MaRDI QIDQ2216202zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Stanislav Hencl, Ville Tengvall, Changyu Guo

Publication date 15 December 2020

Published in Advances in the Calculus of Variations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201806283376

branch set mappings of finite distortion

Implicit function theorems, Jacobians, transformations with several variables (26B10) Quasiconformal mappings in (mathbb{R}^n), other generalizations (30C65)

Review text

A continuous, open and discrete (for every \(y\), \(f^{-1}(y)\) has no accumulation point in \(\Omega\)) mapping \(f: \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n\) is locally invertible outside its branch set \(B_f\) in \(\Omega\). By the celebrated result of Y. G. Reshetnyak a non-constant quasiregular mapping is continuous, open and discrete, moreover, \(m_n(B_f) = m_n(f(B_f)) =0\). By topological reasons it is also known that \(\mathcal{H}^{n-2}(f(B_f)) > 0\) if \(B_f \neq \emptyset\) and \(\mathcal{H}^{1}(B_f) > 0\) provided that \(n = 3\) and \(B_f \neq \emptyset\), see [the reviewer et al., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A I 488, 31 p. (1971; Zbl 0223.30018); the reviewer and \textit{S. Rickman}, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A I 541, 16 p. (1973; Zbl 0265.30027)]. The authors are interested in relaxing the quasiregularity condition and this leads to the class of mappings of finite distortion, i.e., \(f \in W^{1,1}(\Omega, \mathbb{R}^n)\), \(J_f(x) \in L^1(\Omega)\) with \(J_f(x) > 0\) a.e. in the set where \(|D(f(x))| > 0\). For earlier studies on this class of mappings see [\textit{T. Iwaniec} et al., Invent. Math. 144, No. 3, 507--531 (2001; Zbl 1006.30016); \textit{P. Koskela} and \textit{J. Malý}, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS) 5, No. 2, 95--105 (2003; Zbl 1025.30019)]. Now, for mappings in this class it is shown that if \(f \in W^{1,n-1}(\Omega, \mathbb{R}^n)\) is continuous, open, discrete and \(K_I(f) \in L^1(\Omega)\), then \(m_n(B_f) = 0\). Here \(K_I(f)\) denotes the pointwise inner dilatation \(|D^I(f(x))|^n/J_f(x)^{n-1}\) (\(= 1\) if \(J_f(x)= 0\) or not determined) of \(f\) and \(D^I(f(x))\) stands for the adjugate matrix of the Jacobian matrix \(J_f(x)\) of \(f\). To the other direction it is shown in \(\mathbb{R}^3\) that there exists a continuous, open and discrete mapping \(f\) of the class \(W^{1,p}\) for all \(p \in (1,2)\) with \(J_f(x) > 0\) a.e. but \(m_3(B_f) > 0\) and \(m_3(f(B_f)) > 0\). If it is not assumed that \(f\) is open and discrete, then stronger assumptions are needed and it is shown that if \(f: \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n\), \(n \geq 3\), is of finite distortion with (*) \(\exp(\lambda K_O(f)) \in L^1(\Omega)\) for some \(\lambda > 0\), then \(f\) is continuous, open and discrete. Moreover, \(f\) satisfies the Lusin condition \((N)\) and \(m_n(f(B_f)) = 0\). Here \(K_O(f))\) is the outer pointwise dilatation of \(f\). If the condition (*) is relaxed to \(\exp( K_O^{1-\varepsilon}(f)) \in L^1(\Omega)\) for some \(\varepsilon \in (0,1)\), then an example shows that \(m_n(f(B_f)) > 0\) is possible. The constructions for the examples are rather elaborate but nicely illustrated. There is also a useful discussion on homeomorphisms and bilipschitz maps between Cantor type sets.

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