On the Lie algebra of polarizable Carnot groups

DOI10.1007/S13324-020-00438-4MaRDI QIDQ2220128zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 21 January 2021

Published in Analysis and Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.05929

\(p\)-Laplacian group of Heisenberg-type polarizable Carnot group sub-Riemannian geometry

Nilpotent and solvable Lie groups (22E25) Lie algebras of Lie groups (22E60) Other generalizations (nonlinear potential theory, etc.) (31C45) Fundamental solutions to PDEs (35A08) Subelliptic equations (35H20) Analysis on other specific Lie groups (43A80) Sub-Riemannian geometry (53C17)

Abstract: We expand the class of polarizable Carnot groups by implementing a technique to polarize anisotropic Heisenberg groups.

Review text

Let \(G\) be a Carnot group equipped with a left-invariant sub-Riemannian metric, induced by an inner product \(\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle\) on the first layer of its Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\). The metric induces a family of \(p\)-sub-Laplacians \(\Delta_p\) on \(G\), where \(\Delta_2\) is the usual sub-Laplacian. Following [\textit{Z. M. Balogh} and \textit{J. T. Tyson}, Math. Z. 241, No. 4, 697--730 (2002; Zbl 1015.22005)], let \(u_2\) be the fundamental solution (Green's function) for \(\Delta_2\) in the sense of [\textit{G. B. Folland}, Ark. Mat. 13, 161--207 (1975; Zbl 0312.35026)]; then \(N = u_2^{1/(2-\mathcal{Q})}\) is a homogeneous norm on \(G\), where \(\mathcal{Q}\) is the homogeneous dimension of \(G\). Balogh and Tyson define that \(G\) is \textit{polarizable} if \(N\) solves \(\Delta_\infty N = 0\) away from the identity, and they prove that in this case, \(G\) admits a coordinate system that plays the role of polar coordinates. The present paper uses a series of examples to highlight the fact that the polarizability of a Carnot group \(G\) depends not only on its Lie group structure (and the corresponding Lie algebra structure of \(\mathfrak{g}\)) but also on the choice of left-invariant sub-Riemannian metric (respectively, the choice of inner product \(\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle\) on the first layer of \(\mathfrak{g}\)). In particular, the author gives an example to show that a group \(G\) which is not polarizable under one given metric may still be polarizable under a different metric. The main example is essentially a so-called anisotropic metric on the \((2n+1)\)-dimensional real Heisenberg group, see for instance [\textit{R. W. Beals} et al., J. Math. Pures Appl. (9) 79, No. 7, 633--689 (2000; Zbl 0959.35035)].

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