On Daugavet indices of thickness

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Publication:2225252



Abstract: Inspired by R. Whitley's thickness index the last named author recently introduced the Daugavet index of thickness of Banach spaces. We continue the investigation of the behavior of this index and also consider two new versions of the Daugavet index of thickness, which helps us solve an open problem which connect the Daugavet indices with the Daugavet equation. Moreover, we will improve the formerly known estimates of the behavior of Daugavet index on direct sums of Banach spaces by establishing sharp bounds. As a consequence of our results we prove that, for every 0<delta<2, there exists a Banach space where the infimum of the diameter of convex combinations of slices of the unit ball is exactly delta, solving an open question from the literature. Finally, we prove that an open question posed by Ivakhno in 2006 about the relation between the radius and diameter of slices has a negative answer.


Let \(X\) be a Banach space, \(S_X\) and \(B_X\) be its unit sphere and its closed unit ball, respectively, and let \(\mathrm{Id}\) be the identity operator on \(X\). \(X\) has the \textit{Daugavet property} if \(\|\mathrm{Id} + T\| = 1 + \|T\|\) for every bounded linear operator \(T: X \to X\) of rank~1. It is known that this property is equivalent to the following one: for every \(x \in S_X\) and \(\varepsilon > 0\), every non-empty relatively weakly open subset \(W\) of \(B_X\) contains a \(y \in W\) with \(\|x - y\| > 2 - \varepsilon\). If in this geometric characterization one replaces the weakly open subset by a slice or by a convex combination of slices, the property remains unchanged [\textit{R.~V. Shvydkoy}, J. Funct. Anal. 176, No.~2, 198--212 (2000; Zbl 0964.46006)]. The Daugavet index of thickness \(\mathcal T(X)\) was introduced in [\textit{A.~Rueda Zoca}, Banach J. Math. Anal. 12, No.~1, 68--84 (2018; Zbl 1391.46017)] in order to measure quantitatively how far the properties of \(X\) stay from the Daugavet property. According to the definition, \(\mathcal T(X)\) is equal to the infimum of those \(r > 0\) such that there are \(x \in S_X\) and a non-empty relatively weakly open subset \(W \subset B_X\) with \(\|x - y\| \leqslant r\) for all \(y \in W\). In the paper under review, the authors define two more Daugavet indices of thickness, \(\mathcal T^s(X)\) and \(\mathcal T^{cc}(X)\), whose definitions differ from the definition of \(\mathcal T(X)\) only by the properties of \(W\): for \(\mathcal T^s(X)\), the words ``relatively weakly open subset are substituted by ``slice, and for \(\mathcal T^{cc}(X)\), they are substituted by ``convex combination of slices. It is easy to see that \(0 \leqslant \mathcal T^{cc}(X) \leqslant \mathcal T(X) \leqslant \mathcal T^s(X) \leqslant 2\), and that the Daugavet property of \(X\) is equivalent to each of the equalities \(T^s(X) = 2\), \(\mathcal T(X) = 2\) or \( \mathcal T^{cc}(X) = 2\). The article contains a detailed study of these quantities, in particular of their behavior in direct sums of Banach spaces. As a consequence, for every \(0 < \delta < 2\), the existence of a Banach space \(X\) where the infimum of the diameter of convex combinations of slices of \(B_X\) is exactly \(\delta\) is demonstrated, which solves an open question from [\textit{R.~Haller} et al., Banach J. Math. Anal. 12, No.~1, 222--239 (2018; Zbl 1390.46010)]. Finally, using the predual to the Ghoussoub-Maurey modification \(JT_\infty\) of the James Tree Space, the authors solve in the negative an open question from [\textit{Y.~Ivakhno}, J. Math. Phys. Anal. Geom. 2, No.~1, 94--103 (2006; Zbl 1141.46302)] about the relation between the outer radius and the diameter of slices.











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