Weighted Fekete points on the real line and the unit circle

DOI10.1007/S40315-020-00317-WMaRDI QIDQ2228028zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 16 February 2021

Published in Computational Methods and Function Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.08348

external fields Fekete points Jacobi polynomials minimum energy weights

Polynomials in real and complex fields: location of zeros (algebraic theorems) (12D10) Polynomials and rational functions of one complex variable (30C10) Zeros of polynomials, rational functions, and other analytic functions of one complex variable (e.g., zeros of functions with bounded Dirichlet integral) (30C15) Discrete potential theory (31C20)

Abstract: Weighted Fekete points are defined as those that maximize the weighted version of the Vandermonde determinant over a fixed set. They can also be viewed as the equilibrium distribution of the unit discrete charges in an external electrostatic field. While these points have many applications, they are very difficult to find explicitly, and are only known in a few (unweighted) classical cases. We give two rare explicit examples of weighted Fekete points. The first one is for the weights

w (x) = | x - a i |^{- s}

on the real line, with

s g e 1

and

a e q 0,

while the second is for the weights

w (z) = 1 / | z - b |

on the unit circle, with

b i n m a t h b b R, b e q p m 1.

In both cases, we provide solutions of the continuous energy problems with external fields that express the limit versions of considered weighted Fekete points problems.

Review text

Given a closed set \(E\subset\mathbb{C}\), a finite set of points \(Z_n=\{z_k\}_{k=1}^n\) in \(E\), \(n\ge2\), and a continuous weight function \(w:\ E\rightarrow [0,\infty)\), the weighted Vandermonde determinant associated with \(Z_n\) and \(E\) is defined by \[ V(Z_n,E):=\prod_{1\le j< k\le n}(z_j-z_k)w(z_j)w(z_k). \] The weighted Fekete points are those maximizing the \(n\)-th diameter \[ \delta_n^w(E):=\sup_{Z_n} |V(Z_n,E)|^{\frac2{n(n-1)}}\,. \] The explicit description of such sets of points is in general a hard problem, and no such examples have been known so far in the weighted case. The main goal of the paper is to establish a complete description of all collections of the Fekete points for the weight function \(|x-ia|^{-1}\), \(a>0\), on the real line. Theorem. A set \(F_n^w\), \(n\ge2\), is the weighted Fekete set for this weight function if and only if \[ F_n^w=\{x_1,\ldots,x_n\}=\{a\tan(\gamma+k\pi/n), \ k=0,1,\ldots,n-1\}, \] where \(\gamma\) is an arbitrary real number in the interval \((-\pi/2,-\pi/2+\pi/n)\).

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