Exponential integral representations of theta functions

DOI10.1007/S40315-020-00332-XMaRDI QIDQ2228038zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 16 February 2021

Published in Computational Methods and Function Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10568

elliptic modular function Gauss hypergeometric function star-like functions theta functions

Special classes of univalent and multivalent functions of one complex variable (starlike, convex, bounded rotation, etc.) (30C45) Classical hypergeometric functions, ({}_2F_1) (33C05) Elliptic functions and integrals (33E05)

Abstract: Let

T h e t a_{3} (z) := s u m_{n i n m a t h b b Z} e x p (i p i n^{2} z)

be the standard Jacobi theta function, which is holomorphic and zero-free in the upper half-plane

m a t h b b H

, and takes positive values along the positive imaginary axis. We define its logarithm

l o g T h e t a_{3} (z)

which is uniquely determined by the requirements that it should be holomorphic in

m a t h b b H

and real-valued on the positive imaginary axis. We derive an integral representation of

l o g T h e t a_{3} (z)

when

z

belongs to the hyperbolic quadrilateral

m a t h c a l F_{s q u a r e}^{| |}

, consisted of all those

z i n m a t h b b H

which satisfy

- 1 l e q R e, z l e q 1

,

| 2 z - 1 | > 1

and

| 2 z + 1 | > 1

. Since every point of

m a t h b b H

is equivalent to at least one point in

m a t h c a l F_{s q u a r e}^{| |}

under the theta subgroup of the modular group on the upper half-plane, this representation carries over in modified form to all of

m a t h b b H

via the identity recorded by Berndt. The logarithms of the related Jacobi theta functions

T h e t a_{4}

and

T h e t a_{2}

may be conveniently expressed in terms of

l o g T h e t a_{3}

via functional equations, and hence get controlled as well. Our approach is based on a study the logarithm of the Gauss hypergeometric function for a specific choice of the parameters. This connects with the study of the universally starlike mappings introduced by Ruscheweyh, Salinas, and Sugawa.

Review text

The authors study representations of the Jacobi theta functions and their logarithms. Let \(F_{a,b;c}(z):=F(a,b;c;z)\) be the Gauss hypergeometric functions given by \[F_{a,b;c}(z)=\frac{\Gamma(c)}{\Gamma(a)\Gamma(b)}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma(a+n)\Gamma(b+n)}{n!\Gamma(c+n)}z^n\] in the unit disk \(\mathbb D=\{z\in\mathbb C:|z|<1\}\). It extends holomorphically to \(\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty)\). The function \(\Psi(z)=zF_{a,b;c}(z)\) is universally star-like provided \(0<b\leq c\) and \(0<a\leq\min\{1,c\}\), which means that \(\Psi\) is holomorphic in \(\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty)\), \(\Psi(0)=0\), \(\Psi'(0)=1\) and \(\Psi\) maps every domain \(D\subset\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty)\), which is either a disk or a half-plane, one-to-one onto a domain that is star-like with respect to the origin. Denote by \(\mathcal M^+(\mathbb R)\) the cone of all non-negative locally finite Borel measures on \(\mathbb R\). There exists a unique measure \(\sigma_{a,b;c}\in\mathcal M^+(\mathbb R)\) with \(\text{supp}\,\sigma_{a,b;c}\subset[0,1]\), \(0<\sigma_{a,b;c}(\mathbb R)\leq1\), \(\sigma_{a,b;c}(\{0\})=0\), such that \[F_{a,b;c}(z)=\exp\left(\int_{[0,1]}\text{Log}\frac{1}{1-tz}d\sigma_{a,b;c}(t)\right),\;\;\;z\in\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty).\] One of the main results is the following theorem. Theorem 1.1: The measure \(\sigma_{1/2,1/2;1}\) in the representation of \(F_{1/2,1/2;1}\) under the above conditions has the explicit expression \[\sigma_{1/2,1/2;1}([0,x])=\frac{1}{\pi}\arctan\frac{F_{1/2,1/2;1}(x)}{F_{1/2,1/2;1}(1-x)},\;\;\;0<x<1.\] In particular, \(\sigma_{1/2,1/2;1}\) is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure and has total variation 1/2. Theorem 1.1 implies that the function \(zF_{1/2,1/2;1}^{\alpha}\) is universally star-like, provided that \(0<\alpha\leq2\), and allows the authors to obtain an exponential integral representation for \(\lambda_{\triangle}/i=F_{\triangle}(1-z)/F_{\triangle}(z)\), \(z\in(0,1)\cup(\mathbb C\setminus\mathbb R)\), where \(F_{\triangle}=F_{1/2,1/2;1}\). For the Schwarz triangle function \(\lambda_{\triangle}\), the authors obtain the relationship between the values of \(\lambda_{\triangle}\) on two sides of the cut along \((-\infty,0)\) and describe the set \(\lambda_{\triangle}((0,1)\cup(\mathbb C\setminus\mathbb R))=\mathcal F_{\square}\) which is the fundamental quadrilateral. In the Poincaré half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane, \(\mathcal F_{\square}\) is an ideal hyperbolic quadrilateral, and it is the set of all interior points of the fundamental domain for the subgroup \(\Gamma(2)\) of the modular group \(\Gamma\) on the upper half-plane \(\mathbb H=\{z\in\mathbb C:\text{Im}\,z>0\}\). Theorem 1.1 with the Wirtinger identity are applied to obtain integral representations for the logarithms of the theta functions.

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