Bank-Laine functions with real zeros

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Publication:2228041



Abstract: Every real Bank-Laine function of finite order, whose zeros are all real but neither bounded above nor bounded below, either has an explicit representation in terms of trigonometric functions or has zeros with exponent of convergence at least 3. An example constructed via quasiconformal surgery demonstrates the sharpness of this result.


Entire functions \(E\) such that \(E(z)=0\) implies \(E'(z)=\pm 1\) are called Bank-Laine functions. The author studies the zero distribution of Bank-Laine functions with real zero sets unbounded from below and above. This is connected with the equation \(f+ A(z)f=0\), that is, \(E\) is a product of two linearly independent solutions provided that their Wronskian equals 1. Moreover, \(4A= \Bigl(\frac{E'}{E}\Bigr)^2-2 \frac{E}{E} -\frac{1}{E^2}\). Though if \(E\) is of finite order the sharp lower estimate of the exponent of convergence \(\lambda(E)\) is 1 [\textit{D. Drasin} and the author, Lond. Math. Soc. Lect. Note Ser. 348, 165--178 (2008; Zbl 1158.30019)], it could be essentially improved except for functions of a special form. Theorem. Let \(E\) be a real Bank-Laine function of finite order, with only real zeros, these neither bounded above nor bounded below, and let \(A\) be the associated coefficient. Then one of the following holds: (i) there exist \(\eta\), \(\omega_1\), \(\omega_2\in \mathbb{R}\) such that \(\eta \sin (\omega_1-\omega_2)\ne 0\) and \[ A=\eta^2, \quad E(z)=\pm \frac{\sin (\eta z-\omega_1)\sin (\eta z-\omega_2)}{\eta \sin (\omega_1-\omega_2)};\] (ii) \(A\) is transcendental and \(\lambda(E)\ge 3\), with \(\rho(E)=\rho(A)=3\) if \(\lambda(E)=3\), where \(\rho(f)\) is the order of an entire function \(f\).



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