Isospectrality and matrices with concentric circular higher rank numerical ranges

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2021.08.025MaRDI QIDQ2238868zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Edward Poon, Hugo J. Woerdeman

Publication date 2 November 2021

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12885

zbMATH Keywords

higher rank numerical rangeisospectralityLax pairtrigonometric pencil

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Eigenvalues, singular values, and eigenvectors (15A18) Matrix pencils (15A22) Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, and related matrices (15B57)

Abstract: We characterize under what conditions $nimesn$ Hermitian matrices $A_1$ and $A_2$ have the property that the spectrum of $cost{A}_1+sint{A}_2$ is independent of $t$ (thus, the trigonometric pencil $cost{A}_1+sint{A}_2$ is isospectral). One of the characterizations requires the first $lceilfracn2ceil$ higher rank numerical ranges of the matrix $A_1+i{A}_2$ to be circular disks with center 0. Finding the unitary similarity between $cost{A}_1+sint{A}_2$ and, say, $A_1$ involves finding a solution to Lax's equation.

Review text

Given two \(n \times n\) Hermitian matrices \(A_1\) and \(A_2\), the authors study when the one-parameter pencil \(\cos t A_1 + \sin t A_2\) is isospectral, i.e., its spectrum (counting multiplicities) is independent of \(t\). They obtain three characterizations. Here is one of them. Let \(A:=A_1 +iA_2\), that is the Hermitian decomposition of \(A\). Then \(\cos t A_1 + \sin t A_2 = \text{Re}(e^{-it}A)\) is isospectral if and only if \begin{itemize} \item \(\text{rank}\, \text{Re}(e^{-it}A)\) is independent of \(t\), and \item for \(1, \dots, \lceil n/2\rceil\), the rank-\(k\) numerical ranges \(\Lambda_k(A)\) of \(A\) are circular disks with center \(0\), \end{itemize} where \[ \Lambda_k(A) = \{\lambda \in \mathbb{C}: PAP=\lambda P\, \text{for some rank}\ k\, \text{ orthogonal projection}\, P\} \] is the rank-\(k\) numerical range which is motivated by the study of quantum error correction. The characterizations imply that \(A\) is nilpotent. As an application, they find additional results related to Lax equations making use of Specht's theorem on unitary similarlity.

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Cites work

• Canonical forms, higher rank numerical ranges, totally isotropic subspaces, and matrix equations
• Circularity of the numerical range
• Differential equations, difference equations and matrix theory
• Geometry of higher-rank numerical ranges
• Higher-rank numerical ranges and compression problems
• Matrices with Circular Symmetry on their Unitary Orbits and C-Numerical Ranges
• RelativeC-numerical ranges for applications in quantum control and quantum information
• The higher rank numerical range is convex
• When is the numerical range of a nilpotent matrix circular?

Cited in

(4)

• Factorization of Singular Matrix Polynomials and Matrices with Circular Higher Rank Numerical Ranges
• Partial isospectrality of a matrix pencil and circularity of the c-numerical range
• Matrices with rotation and/or reflection invariant higher rank numerical ranges
• On circular Kippenhahn curves and the Gau-Wang-Wu conjecture about nilpotent partial isometries

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