Spectrally simple zeros of zeon polynomials

DOI10.1007/S00006-021-01167-YMaRDI QIDQ2240774zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 4 November 2021

Published in Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11227

analytic functions fundamental theorem of algebra polynomials spectral equivalence classes zeons

Combinatorial aspects of commutative algebra (05E40) Polynomials over commutative rings (13B25) Clifford algebras, spinors (15A66) Finite-dimensional groups and algebras motivated by physics and their representations (81R05)

Abstract: Combinatorial properties of zeons have been applied to graph enumeration problems, graph colorings, routing problems in communication networks, partition-dependent stochastic integrals, and Boolean satisfiability. Power series of elementary zeon functions are naturally reduced to finite sums by virtue of the nilpotent properties of zeons. Further, the zeon extension of any analytic complex function has zeon polynomial representations on associated equivalence classes of zeons. In this paper, zeros of polynomials over complex zeons are considered. Existing results for real zeon polynomials are extended to the complex case and new results are established. In particular, a fundamental theorem of zeon algebra is established for spectrally simple zeros of complex zeon polynomials, and an algorithm is presented that allows one to find spectrally simple zeros when they exist. As an application, inverses of zeon extensions of analytic functions are computed using polynomial methods.

Review text

Working over any base field \(K\), the \emph{\(n\)-particle zeon algebra} \(K\mathfrak{Z}_n\) is defined as \(K[\zeta_{\{1\}}, \zeta_{\{2\}}, \ldots, \zeta_{\{n\}}]/(\zeta_{\{1\}}^2, \zeta_{\{2\}}^2, \ldots, \zeta_{\{n\}}^2)\). Zeon algebras generalize the ring of dual numbers \(K[\epsilon]/(\epsilon^2)\), and every element of a zeon algebra (\emph{zeon} for short) is either nilpotent or invertible, depending on whether or not the zeon's constant term (its \emph{complex part}) is \(0\). Zeon algebras using the base field \(K=\mathbb{R}\) have been used in combinatorics and differential equations; this paper concerns an analogue of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra for the \(n\)-particle complex zeon algebra \(\mathbb{C}\mathfrak{Z}_n\), whose elements are called \emph{complex zeons}. After the introduction, there are three sections building up smaller results about the complex zeon algebra. Section 2 contains a proof of the special case that every invertible complex zeon has exactly \(k\) distinct \(k\)th roots for each natural number \(k\geq 1\), and constructs those roots explicitly using a recursive formula. Section 3 shows that polynomial division-with-remainder is still well-defined for polynomials whose coefficients are complex zeons, so long as the leading coefficient of the dividing polynomial is invertible. Section 4 classifies the zeon solution sets to polynomial equations with ordinary complex coefficients, showing that each zeon roots of a complex polynomial consists of an ordinary complex root plus a nilpotent zeon, where the nilpotent zeon raised to the power of the complex root's multiplicity must vanish. In particular, a complex polynomial with only simple roots in \(\mathbb{C}\) has no additional roots among the complex zeons. The main result in section 5 is an analogue of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra for monic polynomials with complex zeon coefficients. For such a polynomial \(\phi\), let \(f\) be the ordinary complex polynomial obtained by taking the complex part of each coefficient of \(\phi\). Then then main theorem states that for each simple root \(z\) of \(f\), there is a unique complex zeon \(\zeta\) with complex part \(z\) that is a root of \(\phi\); the proof is constructive with a formula and examples. The hypothesis that \(z\) be a simple root of \(f\) is necessary: section 5 contains an example of a nonconstant polynomial \(\phi\) with no complex zeon roots, and section 6 shows that if \(\phi\) has two zeon roots with the same complex part, then it has infinitely many such roots.

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