Polynomial functions on subdirect products

DOI10.1007/S00605-009-0120-4MaRDI QIDQ2270148zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 15 March 2010

Published in Monatshefte für Mathematik (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s00605-009-0120-4

clones of operations congruence distributive varieties congruence permutable varieties polynomial functions

Subalgebras, congruence relations (08A30) Operations and polynomials in algebraic structures, primal algebras (08A40) Products, amalgamated products, and other kinds of limits and colimits (08B25) Subdirect products and subdirect irreducibility (08B26)

Review text

For an algebra \({\mathbf A}= (A, F)\) with universe \(A\) and set \(F\) of operations, the set \(\text{Pol}({\mathbf A})\) of polynomial functions on \({\mathbf A}\) is defined as the clone generated by the operations in \(F\) and all constant functions from \(A\) to \(A\). Furthermore, let \(\text{Con}({\mathbf A})\) denote the set of all congruences of \({\mathbf A}\). Then a \(k\)-ary function \(f: A^k\to A\) preserves \(\alpha\in \text{Con}({\mathbf A})\) if \((f(x_1,\dots, x_k),f(y_1,\dots, y_k))\in\alpha\) for all \(x_1,\dots, x_k\), \(y_1,\dots, y_k\in A\) with \((x_1,y_1),\dots, (x_k,y_k)\in\alpha\). Such an \(f\) induces a function \(f_\alpha\) on the quotient set \(A/\alpha\) defined by \(f_\alpha(x_1/\alpha,\dots, x_k/\alpha)= f(x_1,\dots, x_k)/\alpha\). Clearly, polynomial functions on \({\mathbf A}\) preserve all congruences of \({\mathbf A}\). Let \(\alpha,\beta\in\text{Con}({\mathbf A})\). Then it is said that \({\mathbf A}\) has no skew congruences between \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) if \(\gamma= (\gamma\wedge\alpha)\vee(\gamma\wedge\beta)\) for all \(\gamma\in\text{Con}({\mathbf A})\) with \(\alpha\wedge \beta\leq \gamma\leq\alpha\vee\beta\). A ternary function \(f\) on \(A\) is a Mal'tsev function if \(f(x,y,y)= f(y,y,x)=x\) for all \(x,y\in A\). Recall that an algebra \({\mathbf A}\) generates a congruence permutable variety if and only if it has a Mal'tsev term function. The algebra \({\mathbf A}\) is called a Mal'tsev algebra if there is a Mal'tsev function in \(\text{Pol}({\mathbf A})\). The main result of the paper is the following theorem (generalizing a result of \textit{E. Aichinger} [Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 44, No.~2, 379--388 (2001; Zbl 0984.16040)] on \(\Omega\)-groups): Let \({\mathbf A}\) be a finite Mal'tsev algebra, and let \(\alpha,\beta\in\text{Con}(A)\) such that \(\alpha\wedge\beta= 0_A\) and there are no skew congruences between \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\). Let \(f\) be a function on \(A\) that preserves \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\). Then \(f\in\text{Pol}({\mathbf A})\) if and only if \(f_\alpha\in\text{Pol}({\mathbf A}/\alpha)\) and \(f_\beta\in \text{Pol}({\mathbf A}/\beta)\). In other words: A congruence preserving function on a subdirect product of two finite Mal'tsev algebras is polynomial if it induces polynomial functions on the subdirect factors and there are no skew congruences between the projection kernels. As a special case, if the direct product \({\mathbf A}\times{\mathbf B}\) of algebras \({\mathbf A}\) and \({\mathbf B}\) in a congruence permutable variety has no skew congruences, then the polynomial functions on \({\mathbf A}\times{\mathbf B}\) are exactly the direct products of polynomials on \({\mathbf A}\) and on \({\mathbf B}\). These descriptions apply in particular to polynomial functions on non-associative rings. Furthermore, it is proved that also for finite algebras in a variety with a majority term \(t\) (satisfying \(t(x,x,y)= t(x,y,x)= t(y,x,x)= x\)), the polynomial functions on \({\mathbf A}\times{\mathbf B}\) are exactly the direct products of polynomials on \({\mathbf A}\) and on \({\mathbf B}\) (generalizing a result of \textit{D. Dorninger} and \textit{W. Nöbauer} [Colloq. Math. 42, 83--93 (1979; Zbl 0432.06005)] on lattices). An example is given which shows that in arbitrary congruence distributive varieties the corresponding result is not true.

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