Numerical instability of the Akhmediev breather and a finite-gap model of it

DOI10.1007/978-3-030-04807-5_2MaRDI QIDQ2275145zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors P. G. Grinevich, P. M. Santini

Publication date 2 October 2019

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00762

zbMATH Keywords

Akhmediev breatherrogue wavessplit-step Fourier method

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Soliton theory, asymptotic behavior of solutions of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems (37K40) Simulation of dynamical systems (37M05) Error bounds for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M15)

Abstract: In this paper we study the numerical instabilities of the NLS Akhmediev breather, the simplest space periodic, one-mode perturbation of the unstable background, limiting our considerations to the simplest case of one unstable mode. In agreement with recent theoretical findings of the authors, in the situation in which the round-off errors are negligible with respect to the perturbations due to the discrete scheme used in the numerical experiments, the split-step Fourier method (SSFM), the numerical output is well-described by a suitable genus 2 finite-gap solution of NLS. This solution can be written in terms of different elementary functions in different time regions and, ultimately, it shows an exact recurrence of rogue waves described, at each appearance, by the Akhmediev breather. We discover a remarkable empirical formula connecting the recurrence time with the number of time steps used in the SSFM and, via our recent theoretical findings, we establish that the SSFM opens up a vertical unstable gap whose length can be computed with high accuracy, and is proportional to the inverse of the square of the number of time steps used in the SSFM. This neat picture essentially changes when the round-off error is sufficiently large. Indeed experiments in standard double precision show serious instabilities in both the periods and phases of the recurrence. In contrast with it, as predicted by the theory, replacing the exact Akhmediev Cauchy datum by its first harmonic approximation, we only slightly modify the numerical output. Let us also remark, that the first rogue wave appearance is completely stable in all experiments and is in perfect agreement with the Akhmediev formula and with the theoretical prediction in terms of the Cauchy data.

Review text

This paper provides numerical illustrations of the authors' previous work about the finite gap method used to find space periodic solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. Let us explain the framework before commenting on the authors' results. If the initial data is a small harmonic perturbation of the constant 1 and the period of the perturbation belongs to \(]\pi,2\pi[\) then the solution of the NLS equation is modulationally unstable: it concentrates periodically in time according to Akhmediev breathers, the so-called rogue waves. The numerical calculations raise one unexpected difficulty: round-off errors. Indeed, the authors need to make calculations in quadruple precisions to validate the theoretical behavior previously described. Otherwise even in double precision the numerical solution does not reproduce the time periodicity. This phenomenon is even stronger as the time step decreases. Under quadruple precision the numerical results validate the periodical behaviour of rogue wave occurence and the authors found an empirical formula relating this time recurrence of rogue waves and the numerical time step. Moreover, the numerical results also validate the fact that the modulational instability is preserved when perturbating the initial data by slow harmonic waves (with wavelength bigger than \(2\pi\)) as predicted by the theory. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1412.37003].

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Cited in

(13)

• The exact rogue wave recurrence in the NLS periodic setting via matched asymptotic expansions, for 1 and 2 unstable modes
• Phase resonances of the NLS rogue wave recurrence in the quasisymmetric case
• Hidden Akhmediev breathers and vector modulation instability in the defocusing regime
• The Akhmediev breather is unstable
• The periodic Cauchy problem for PT-symmetric NLS. I: The first appearance of rogue waves, regular behavior or blow up at finite times
• Numerical study of the transverse stability of the Peregrine solution
• The finite-gap method and the periodic NLS Cauchy problem of anomalous waves for a finite number of unstable modes
• The linear and nonlinear instability of the Akhmediev breather
• The effect of loss/gain and Hamiltonian perturbations of the Ablowitz—Ladik lattice on the recurrence of periodic anomalous waves
• Modulation instability, periodic anomalous wave recurrence, and blow up in the Ablowitz–Ladik lattices
• The periodic N breather anomalous wave solution of the Davey–Stewartson equations; first appearance, recurrence, and blow up properties
• Riemann surfaces close to degenerate ones in the theory of rogue waves
• Rational neural networks for tracking complex singularities of nonlinear PDEs

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