Scalar q-subresultants and Dickson matrices

The concept resultant of two polynomials has applications in number theory and algebraic geometry. It is a basic tool for many computer algebra systems for polynomials over rational numbers. This single-authored article studies the extensions of some well-known results of Ore and Li. \begin{itemize} \item[1.] Classical Resultant: Let $f(x) = \sum ^{k}_{i=0} a_{i}x^{i}$ and $g(x) = \sum ^{l}_{i=0} b_{i}x^{i}$, with $a_{k}b_{l}\neq 0$, be two univariate polynomials with coefficients in the field $K$. In elimination theory, the classical resultant of $f$ and $g$ is \[ Res(f,g)=(-1)^{kl}b_{l}^{k}\prod^{l}_{i=1}f(\zeta_{i}), \] where $g(x) = b_{l} \prod^{l}_{i=1}(x - \zeta_{i})$ with $\zeta_{1}, \zeta_{2}, \dots, \zeta_{l} \in \bar{K}$ (where $\bar{K}$ denotes the algebraic closure of $K$). For $0 \leq m \leq \min\{k, l\}$ consider the following $(k + l - 2m) \times (k + l - 2m)$ matrix: \[ R_{m}(f,g)= \left( \begin{matrix} a_{k} & a_{k-1} & a_{k-2} & \cdots & a_{k-l+m+1} &\cdots & a_{2m-l+2} & a_{2m-l+1} \\ 0 & a_{k} & a_{k-1} & \cdots & a_{k-l+m+2} &\cdots & a_{2m-l+3} & a_{2m-l+2} \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_{k} & \cdots & a_{m+1} & a_{m} \\ b_{l} & b_{l-1} & b_{l-2} & \cdots & b_{l-k+m+1} &\cdots & b_{2m-k+2} & b_{2m-k+1} \\ 0 & b_{l} & b_{l-1} & \cdots & b_{l-k+m+2} &\cdots & b_{2m-k+3} & b_{2m-k+2} \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & b_{l} & \cdots & b_{m+1} & b_{m} \\ \end{matrix} \right) \] where coefficients out of range are considered to be $0$. The determinant of $R_{m}(f,g)$ is denoted by $|R_{m}(f,g)|$. \item[2.] Scalar $q$-subresultants: Let $f(x) = \sum ^{k}_{i=0} a_{i}x^{q^{i}}$ and $g(x) = \sum ^{l}_{i=0} b_{i}x^{q^{i}}$, with $a_{k}b_{l}\neq 0$, be two univariate $q$-polynomials with coefficients in the field $\mathbb{\bar{F}_q}$ where $q$ is a prime power. Put $q^{\mu} = \operatorname{deg} \gcd(f,g)$. For $0 \leq m \leq \min\{k, l\}$ consider the following $(k + l - 2m) \times (k + l - 2m)$ matrix $R_{m,q}(f,g)$: \[ \left( \begin{matrix} a_{k}^{q^{l-m-1}} & a_{k-1}^{q^{l-m-1}} & a_{k-2}^{q^{l-m-1}} & \cdots & a_{k-l+m+1}^{q^{l-m-1}} &\cdots & a_{2m-l+2}^{q^{l-m-1}} & a_{2m-l+1}^{q^{l-m-1}} \\ 0 & a_{k}^{q^{l-m-2}} & a_{k-1}^{q^{l-m-2}} & \cdots & a_{k-l+m+2}^{q^{l-m-2}} &\cdots & a_{2m-l+3}^{q^{l-m-2}} & a_{2m-l+2}^{q^{l-m-2}} \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_{k} & \cdots & a_{m+1} & a_{m} \\ b_{l}^{q^{k-m-1}} & b_{l-1}^{q^{k-m-1}} & b_{l-2}^{q^{k-m-1}} & \cdots & b_{l-k+m+1}^{q^{k-m-1}} &\cdots & b_{2m-k+2}^{q^{k-m-1}} & b_{2m-k+1}^{q^{k-m-1}} \\ 0 & b_{l}^{q^{k-m-2}} & b_{l-1}^{q^{k-m-2}} & \cdots & b_{l-k+m+2}^{q^{k-m-2}} &\cdots & b_{2m-k+3}^{q^{k-m-2}} & b_{2m-k+2}^{q^{k-m-2}} \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & b_{l} & \cdots & b_{m+1} & b_{m} \\ \end{matrix} \right) \] \end{itemize} Result: The degree of $\gcd(f, g)$ is $t$ if and only if $|R_{0}(f, g)| = \dots = |R_{t-1}(f, g)| = 0$ and $|R_{t}(f, g)| \neq 0$. The author has proved the following main theorem of the article which is the $q$-analogue of the above result. Theorem: The $q$-degree of $\gcd(f, g)$ is $\mu$ if and only if $|R_{0,q}(f, g)| = \dots =|R-{\mu-1,q}(f, g)| = 0$ and $|R_{\mu,q}(f, g)| \neq 0$. The author has extended another result of Ore using the Dickson matrix. I must appreciate the author for his efforts to bring out a very high standard article in Algebra. I hope this article will attract more citations from other authors.

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