Strongly compatible generators of groups on Fréchet spaces
Given a Fréchet space \(X\), a linear operator \(A:X\rightarrow X\) is said to be strongly compatible with respect to a given increasing fundamental sequence of seminorms \((p_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}}\) on \(X\) if \(p_j^X(A):=\sup\{p_j(Ax);\, p_j(x)=1\}\) is finite for every \(j\in\mathbb{N}\). It is shown that \(\mathscr{L}_{sc}(X)\), the space of all linear operators on \(X\) which are strongly compatible with respect to \((p_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}}\), equipped with the topology induced by the sequence of seminorms \((p_j^X)_{j\in\mathbb{N}}\), is a Fréchet space. Moreover, under the additional hypothesis that for every \(j\in\mathbb{N}\) the quotient space \(X/p_j^{-1}(\{0\})\) is a Banach space (in particular, \(X\) is then a quojection), it is shown that for a linear operator \(A:D(A)\subseteq X\rightarrow X\), the following are equivalent: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(D(A)=X\) and \(A\) is strongly compatible with respect to \((p_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}}\). \item[(ii)] \(A\) is the infinitesimal generator of a uniformly continuous group \(T\) on \((X,(p_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}})\); in this case, for every \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), \(T(t)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(tA)^n}{n!}\in\mathscr{L}_{sc}(X)\), and the series converges with respect to the Fréchet space topology of \(\mathscr{L}_{sc}(X)\). \end{itemize} It should be pointed out that the notion of uniform continuity of a group \(T\) acting on a Fréchet space used by the authors differs from the usual one found in the literature: here, \(T\) is said to be uniformly continuous (on \((X,(p_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}})\)) if \(T(t)\) is strongly compatible with respect to \((p_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}}\) and additionally, \(\lim_{t\rightarrow 0}T(t)=\operatorname{id}_X\) in \(\mathscr{L}_{sc}(X)\); thus, in particular, uniformly continuous groups act on the local Banach spaces \(X/p_j^{-1}(\{0\})\) and induce a uniformly continuous group on each of these local Banach spaces in the usual sense. As a main application of this result, the authors consider linear initial value problems in the Fréchet space of (tempered) distributions \(\mathscr{F}L^2_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^N)\) (introduced by \textit{F. Trèves} in [Ann. Math. (2) 104, 269--324 (1976; Zbl 0354.35067)] and containing as subspaces \(L^2(\mathbb{R}^N)\) as well as \(\mathscr{E}'(\mathbb{R}^N)\)) of the form \[u_t=a(D)u, \;\;t\in\mathbb{R},\mbox{ and } u(0)=u_0,\] for a given \(u_0\in\mathscr{F}L^2_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^N)\), where \(a(D)\) is a constant coefficient pseudodifferential operator. For the special case of the Laplace operator, it follows that the standard Hilbert space solution of initial value problems to the heat equation on \(L^2(\mathbb{R}^N)\) given for \(t\geq 0\) is extended by the solutions given via the uniformly continuous group generated by \(\Delta\) on \(\mathscr{F}L^2_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^N)\) to \(t\in\mathbb{R}\).
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