The prevalence of persistent tangles

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2019.107040MaRDI QIDQ2293008zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Pedro Lopes, Louis Kauffman

Publication date 6 February 2020

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.05951

zbMATH Keywords

coloringsirreducible tanglesknotspersistent tanglestangles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Knot theory (57K10)

Abstract: This article addresses persistent tangles. These are tangles whose presence in a knot diagram forces that diagram to be knotted. We provide new methods for constructing persistent tangles. Our techniques rely mainly on the existence of non-trivial colorings for the tangles in question. Our main result in this article is that any knot admitting a non-trivial coloring gives rise to persistent tangles. Furthermore, we discuss when these persistent tangles are non-trivial.

Review text

A persistent tangle is a (one or two string) tangle whose presence in a knot diagram implies the diagram is non-trivially knotted. ``We provide new methods for constructing persistent tangles. Our techniques rely mainly on the existence of non-trivial colorings for the tangles in question. For example, if there is a non-trivial coloring of a tangle \(T\) with all ends receiving the same color, say \(a\), then if \(T\) is found in a knot diagram \(D\), then \(D\) can be non-trivially colored by coloring the arcs in the diagram which do not belong to \(T\) monochromatically with the color \(a\). Thus \(D\) represents a non-trivial knot. One of the main results in this article is that any knot admitting a non-trivial coloring gives rise to persistent tangles. Furthermore, a tangle is rationally irreducible if no ambient isotopy plus adjacent end twisting can make it into a tangle with fewer crossings, and it is neither an infinity tangle nor a zero tangle. A tangle \(T\) is said to be irreducible if it is rationally irreducible, without local knots, and if whenever the numerator \(N(T)\) or denominator \(D(T)\) closure has one component, then it is a non-trivial knot. The authors conjecture that an irreducible tangle is a persistent tangle.

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Cites work

• 3-manifolds, tangles and persistent invariants
• A classifying invariant of knots, the knot quandle
• AN OBSTRUCTION TO EMBEDDING 4-TANGLES IN LINKS
• DISTRIBUTIVE GROUPOIDS IN KNOT THEORY
• EMBEDDING TANGLES IN LINKS
• Hard unknots and collapsing tangles
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6000869 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1092415 (Why is no real title available?)
• On Krebes's tangle
• PERSISTENT INVARIANTS OF TANGLES
• QUANDLES AT FINITE TEMPERATURES I
• VIRTUAL TANGLES AND A THEOREM OF KREBES

Cited in

(3)

• On embeddings of 2-string tangles into the unknot, the unlink and split links
• Coloring properties of a class of oblique and diagonal symmetry tangles
• PERSISTENTLY LAMINAR TANGLES

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