Extremal quasiconformality vs bounded rational approximation

DOI10.1007/S10958-019-04601-6MaRDI QIDQ2300940zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 28 February 2020

Published in Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08980

Grunsky coefficients holomorphic function quasicircles quasiconformal maps rational approximation Schwarzian derivative Strebel point universal Teichmüller space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quasiconformal mappings in the complex plane (30C62) Approximation by rational functions (41A20)

Abstract: We show that on most of the hyperbolic simply connected domains the weighted bounded rational approximation in a natural sup norm is possible only for a very sparse set of holomorphic functions (in contrast to integral approximation). The obstructions are caused by the features of extremal quasiconformality.

Review text

In the paper, geometric function theory is connected with the rational approximation problem for holomorphic functions. For a quasicircle \(L\) on \(\hat{\mathbb C}=\mathbb C\cup\{\infty\}\) and the interior domain \(D\), let \(\mathbf{B}_p(D)\) be the Banach space of holomorphic functions \(\varphi\) and norms \(\|\varphi\|_{\mathbf{B}_p}=\sup_D\lambda_D(z)^{-p}|\varphi(z)|\), where \(\lambda_D(z)|dz|\) is the hyperbolic metric of \(D\) with Gaussian curvature (-4), and \(p\geq2\) is an integer. The author starts with the following theorem. Theorem 1. Let \(D\subset\hat{\mathbb C}\) be a domain with quasiconformal boundary \(L\). Then, for any function \(\varphi\in\mathbf{B}_p(D)\), there exists a sequence of rational functions with poles of order two on \(L\) of the form \[r_n(z)=\sum_{j=1}^n\frac{c_j}{(z-a_j)^2},\;\;\;\sum_{j=1}^n|c_j|>0,\] such that \(\lim_{n\to\infty}\|r_n-\varphi\|_{\mathbf{B}_{p+1}(D)}=0\). In the case of the half-plane \(\mathbb H=\{z\in\mathbb C:\text{Im}\,z>0\}\) (or the disk) Theorem 1 is strengthened as follows. Theorem 2. For any \(\varphi\in\mathbf{B}_p(\mathbb H)\), there exists a sequence of rational functions of Theorem 1 with real poles \(a_j\) and real coefficients \(c_j\), convergent to \(\varphi\) in \(\mathbf{B}_{p+1}(\mathbb H)\). The Schwarzian derivative for univalent functions \(w\) on \(\mathbb H\) is denoted by \[S_w(z)=\left(\frac{w(z)}{w'(z)}\right)'-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{w(z)}{w'(z)}\right)^2.\] The author demonstrates the effect expressed by the following theorem. Theorem 3. For any simply connected domain \(D\subset\hat{\mathbb C}\) with quasiconformal boundary \(L\), whose conformal mapping function \(g_D:\mathbb H\to D\) satisfies \(\|S_{g_D}\|_{\mathbf{B}_2}<1/2\), the set of functions \(\varphi\in\mathbf{B}_2(D)\) approximated in \(\mathbf{B}_2\) norm by general rational functions with poles of order two on \(L\), \[r_n(z)=\sum_{j=1}^n\frac{c_j}{(z-a_j)^2}+\sum_{j=1}^n\frac{c_j'}{z-a_j},\;\;\;\sum_{j=1}^n|c_j|>0,\] is nowhere dense in the space \(\mathbf{B}_2(D)\). This is a consequence of the profound result which states that, under the conditions of Theorem 3, there exists a constant \(c_0>0\) so that for any rational function \(r_n\) of Theorem 3 with \(\|r_n\|_{\mathbf{B}_2(D)}<c_0\), we have the equalities \(\kappa_D(w)=k(w)=\|r_n\|_{\mathbf{B}_2(D)}\), where \(\kappa_D(w)\) and \(k(w)\) denote the Grunsky and Teichmüller norms of the appropriately normalized univalent solution \(w:D\to\hat{\mathbb C}\) of the Schwarzian equation \(S_f=r_n\). This result is extended to arbitrary meromorphic functions \(\varphi\) on \(\mathbb C\) having poles of order two which are located on a quasicircle \(L\) passing through the infinite point and accumulate to this point.

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