Trees, stumps, and applications

DOI10.3390/AXIOMS7030052MaRDI QIDQ2305877zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors J. C. Butcher

Publication date 20 March 2020

Published in Axioms (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms7030052

zbMATH Keywords

elementary differentialorderordinary differential equationsRunge-Kuttastumptree

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Numerical methods for initial value problems involving ordinary differential equations (65L05)

Review text

Summary: The traditional derivation of Runge-Kutta methods is based on the use of the scalar test problem \(y'(x) = f(x, y(x))\). However, above order 4, this gives less restrictive order conditions than those obtained from a vector test problem using a tree-based theory. In this paper, stumps, or incomplete trees, are introduced to explain the discrepancy between the two alternative theories. Atomic stumps can be combined multiplicatively to generate all trees. For the scalar test problem, these quantities commute, and certain sets of trees form isomeric classes. There is a single order condition for each class, whereas for the general vector-based problem, for which commutation of atomic stumps does not occur, there is exactly one order condition for each tree. In the case of order 5, the only nontrivial isomeric class contains two trees, and the number of order conditions reduces from 17 to 16 for scalar problems. A method is derived that satisfies the 16 conditions for scalar problems but not the complete set based on 17 trees. Hence, as a practical numerical method, it has order 4 for a general initial value problem, but this increases to order 5 for a scalar problem.

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Cites work

• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3123422 (Why is no real title available?)
• Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations
• On the integration processes of A. Huťa

Cited in

(8)

• Isomeric trees and the order of Runge-Kutta methods
• Order conditions for integrators and mappings with applications
• Symbolic derivation of Runge-Kutta order conditions
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5778173 (Why is no real title available?)
• The number of conditions for a Runge-Kutta method to have effective order \(p\)
• The tree and forest spaces with applications to initial-value problem methods
• On modified Runge-Kutta trees and methods
• An investigation of Runge-Kutta processes, and equivalence of scalar and vector cases

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