An average of generalized Dedekind sums

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Abstract: We study a generalization of the classical Dedekind sum that incorporates two Dirichlet characters and develop properties that generalize those of the classical Dedekind sum. By calculating the Fourier transform of this generalized Dedekind sum, we obtain an explicit formula for its second moment. Finally, we derive upper and lower bounds for the second moment with nearly identical orders of magnitude.


In this paper, the authors study some arithmetic properties and the second moment of generalized Dedekind sums defined by \textit{T. Stucker} et al. [``Dedekind sums arising from newform Eisenstein series, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1907.01524}]. Let \(\chi_1\) and \(\chi_2\) be nontrivial primitive characters modulo \(q_1\) and \(q_2\), respectively, such that \(\chi_1\chi_2(-1)=1\). The generalized Dedekind sum associated to \(\chi_1\) and \(\chi_2\) is given by \[ S_{\chi_1,\chi_2}(a,c)=\sum_{j\bmod c}\sum_{n\bmod q_1}\overline{\chi_2}(j)\overline{\chi_1}(n)B_1\left(\frac{j}{c}\right)B_1\left(\frac{n}{q_1}+\frac{aj}{c}\right), \] where \(B_1\) is the first Bernoulli function \[ B_1(n)=\begin{cases} 0, & \text{if }n\in\mathbb{Z},\\ x-\lfloor x\rfloor-\frac{1}{2}, & \text{if }n\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Z}. \end{cases} \] Let \(\chi^{\star}\) denote the primitive character that induces a given character \(\chi\) and \(q(\chi)\) denote its conductor. Let \(\tau(\chi)=\sum_{n\bmod q}\chi(n)e(nl/q)\) be the Gauss sum. For \(q_1q_1\mid c\), by calculating the Fourier transform of \(S_{\chi_1,\chi_2}(a,c)\), the authors obtain \[ \mathop{\sum_{a\bmod c}}_{(a,c)=1}\left|S_{\chi_1,\chi_2}(a,c)\right|^2 =\frac{\varphi(c)}{\pi^4}\mathop{\sum_{\psi\bmod c}}_{\psi\chi_1(-1)=-1} \left|L(1,\bar{\psi}^{\star}\chi_1)\right|^2 \left|L(1,(\psi\chi_2)^{\star})\right|^2 \left|g_{\chi_1,\chi_2}(\psi;c)\right|^2, \] where \[ g_{\chi_1,\chi_2}(\psi;c)=\tau\left((\overline{\psi\chi_2})^{\star}\right)\tau(\psi^{\star})\tau(\overline{\chi_1}) \times\mathop{\sum_{d\mid c}}_{d\equiv0 \pmod{q(\psi)}}\frac{\overline{\chi_2}(c/d)}{\varphi(d)}\left((\overline{\psi\chi_2})^{\star}\mu\ast1\right)(d)(\chi_1\ast\mu\psi^{\star})\left(\frac{d}{q(\psi)}\right). \] Furthermore, the authors derive upper and lower bounds for the second moment above, which implies that \[ \mathop{\sum_{a\bmod c}}_{(a,c)=1}\left|S_{\chi_1,\chi_2}(a,c)\right|^2 =q_1c^{2+o(1)}. \]











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