On extensions of the generalized quadratic functions from ``large subsets of semigroups
The set up includes an abelian semigroup \(G\) with an involutive automorphism \(\tau: G \to G\), and an abelian group \(H\) such that \(h \mapsto 2h\) is a bijection of \(H\) onto itself. Consider for \(D \subseteq G\) functions \(g:D \to H\) such that \[ g(x+y) + g(x + \tau(y)) = 2g(x) + 2g(y) \text{ whenever }x,y,x+y, x+ \tau(y) \in D.\tag{1} \] The authors find \(D\)'s for which each such \(g\) has one and only one extension \(f:G \to H\) satisfying \[ f(x+y) + f(x + \tau(y)) = 2f(x) + 2f(y) \text{ for all } x,y \in G.\tag{2} \] \(D\) is an element of a filter \(\mathcal{L} \subsetneqq 2^G\) of subsets of \(G\) with the property that the sets \(\tfrac{1}{2}B, \tau(B)\) and \(B \pm x\) are elements of \(\mathcal{L}\) whenever \(B\in \mathcal{L}\) and \(x \in G\). In any non-compact, locally compact group \(G\) such that \(x \mapsto 2x\) and \(\tau\) are homeomorphisms, an example is \(\mathcal{L} := \{ A \subseteq G \mid \mu(G \setminus A) < \infty \}\) where \(\mu\) denotes a Haar measure on \(G\). For \(A \in 2^G\) and \(x \in G\) we introduce the notations \[ A_x := A \cap (A-x) \ \text{ and } \ A^+ := \{ x \in A \mid x + \tau(x) \in A\}. \] Then the main result of the paper is: Theorem. Let \(D \in \mathcal{L}\) and let \(g:D \to H\) satisfy (1). If there exists \(y_0 \in D\) such that \((D_{y_0})^+ \in \mathcal{L}\), then there exists exactly one solution \(f:G \to H\) of (2) such that \(f = g\) on \(D\). There are no applications in the paper. The same technique was applied to other functional equations in [\textit{A. Bahyrycz} et al., Publ. Math. 89, No. 3, 263--275 (2016; Zbl 1399.39043); \textit{J. Brzdęk} and \textit{E. Jabłońska}, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 96, No. 1, 110--116 (2017; Zbl 1368.39018)].
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