Three-variable expanding polynomials and higher-dimensional distinct distances

Abstract: We determine which quadratic polynomials in three variables are expanders over an arbitrary field

m a t h b b F

. More precisely, we prove that for a quadratic polynomial

f i n m a t h b b F [x, y, z]

, which is not of the form

g (h (x) + k (y) + l (z))

, we have

| f (A i m e s B i m e s C) | g g N^{3 / 2}

for any sets

A, B, C s u b s e t m a t h b b F

with

| A | = | B | = | C | = N

, with

N

not too large compared to the characteristic of

m a t h b b F

. We give several applications. We use this result for

f = (x - y)^{2} + z

to obtain new lower bounds on

| A + A^{2} |

and

m a x | A + A |, | A^{2} + A^{2} |

, and to prove that a Cartesian product

A i m e s c d o t s i m e s A s u b s e t m a t h b b F^{d}

determines almost

| A |^{2}

distinct distances if

| A |

is not too large.

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