Sharp regularity for the integrability of elliptic structures

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2019.108290MaRDI QIDQ2334564zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 7 November 2019

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.10057

elliptic structures vector fields Zygmund spaces

General geometric structures on manifolds (almost complex, almost product structures, etc.) (53C15) Vector distributions (subbundles of the tangent bundles) (58A30)

Abstract: As part of his celebrated Complex Frobenius Theorem, Nirenberg showed that given a smooth elliptic structure (on a smooth manifold), the manifold is locally diffeomorphic to an open subset of

m a t h b b R^{r} i m e s m a t h b b C^{n}

(for some

r

and

n

) in such a way that the structure is locally the span of

f r a c p a r t i a l p a r t i a l t_{1}, l d o t s, f r a c p a r t i a l p a r t i a l t_{r}, f r a c p a r t i a l p a r t i a l o v e r l i n e z_{1}, l d o t s, f r a c p a r t i a l p a r t i a l o v e r l i n e z_{n}

; where

m a t h b b R^{r} i m e s m a t h b b C^{n}

has coordinates

(t_{1}, l d o t s, t_{r}, z_{1}, l d o t s, z_{n})

. In this paper, we give optimal regularity for the coordinate charts which achieve this realization. Namely, if the manifold has Zygmund regularity of order

s + 2

and the structure has Zygmund regularity of order

s + 1

(for some

s > 0

), then the coordinate chart may be taken to have Zygmund regularity of order

s + 2

. We do this by generalizing Malgrange's proof of the Newlander-Nirenberg Theorem to this setting.

Review text

If \(s\in(0,\infty]\cup\{\omega\}\), \(M\) is a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+2}\) manifold, where \(\mathscr{C}^{s}\) denotes the Zygmund space of order \(s\), \(\mathscr{C}^{\infty}\) denotes \(C^\infty\), \(\mathscr{C}^{\omega}\) denotes the space of real analytic functions with \(\infty+2=\infty+1=\infty\) and \(\omega+2=\omega+1=\omega\), then \(f:\Omega\to\mathbb{C}\) is said to be in \(\mathscr{C}^{s}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\Omega)\) if for each \(x\) in a connected open set \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n\) there exists an open ball \(B\subset\Omega\) centered at \(x\) with \(f_{|B}\in\mathscr{C}^{s}(B)\). \(\{(\varphi_\alpha,V_\alpha)\}\) is said to be a \(\mathscr{C}^{s}\) atlas of dimension \(n\) on \(M\) if \(\{V_\alpha\}\) is an open cover for \(M\), \(\varphi_\alpha:V_\alpha\to U_\alpha\) is a homeomorphism, where \(U_\alpha\subset\mathbb{R}^n\) is open, and \(\varphi_\beta\circ\varphi^{-1}_\alpha:\varphi_\alpha(V_\beta\cap V_\alpha)\to U_\beta\) is a \(\mathscr{C}^{s}_{\mathrm{loc}}\) map. A paracompact topological space \(M\) endowed with a \(\mathscr{C}^{s}\) atlas of dimension \(n\) is called a \(\mathscr{C}^{s}\) manifold. If \(M\) is a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+2}\) manifold, \(\mathbb{C}TM=TM\otimes_{\mathbb{R}}\mathbb{C}\) is the complexified tangent bundle of \(M\), then a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) sub-bundle \(\mathscr{L}\) of \(\mathbb{C}TM\) of rank \(m\in\mathbb{N}\) is a disjoint union \(\mathscr{L}=\bigcup_{\zeta\in M}\mathscr{L}_\zeta\subset\mathbb{C}TM\) such that \(\mathscr{L}_\zeta\) is an \(m\)-dimensional vector subspace of \(\mathbb{C}T_\zeta M\) for each \(\zeta\in M\), and for each \(\zeta_0\in M\) there exists an open neighborhood \(U\subset M\) of \(\zeta_0\) and a finite collection of complex \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) vector fields \(L_1,\dots,L_K\) on \(U\) such that \(\mathrm{scan}\{L_1(\zeta),\dots,L_K(\zeta)\}=\mathscr{L}_\zeta\) for each \(\zeta\in U\). For a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) sub-bundle \(\mathscr{L}\) of \(\mathbb{C}TM\), there is a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) sub-bundle \(\overline{\mathscr{L}}\) of \(\mathbb{C}TM\) defined by \(\overline{\mathscr{L}_\zeta}=\{\overline z;\ z\in\mathscr{L}_\zeta\}\). If \(W\subset M\) is open, \(L\) is a complex vector field on \(W\), and \(\mathscr{L}\) is a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) sub-bundle of \(\mathbb{C}TM\), then \(L\) is said to be a section of \(\mathscr{L}\) over \(W\) if \(L(\zeta)\in\mathscr{L}_\zeta\) for all \(\zeta\in W\), and \(L\) is called a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) section of \(\mathscr{L}\) over \(W\) if \(L\) is a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) complex vector field on \(W\). A \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) sub-bundle \(\mathscr{L}\) of \(\mathbb{C}TM\) is said to be a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) formally integrable structure if \([L_1,L_2]\) is a section of \(\mathscr{L}\) over \(W\) for all open \(W\subset M\) and all \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) sections \(L_1\) and \(L_2\) of \(\mathscr{L}\) over \(W\). A \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) formally integrable structure \(\mathscr{L}\) on \(M\) is called a \(\mathscr{C}^{s+1}\) elliptic structure if \(\mathscr{L}_\zeta+\overline{\mathscr{L}_\zeta}=\mathbb{C}T_\zeta M\) for all \(\zeta\in M\). If \(\mathscr{L}\) is an elliptic structure on \(M\), \(r=\dim(\mathscr{L}_\zeta\cap\overline{\mathscr{L}_\zeta})\), and \(n+r=\dim(\mathscr{L}_\zeta)\), then \(\mathscr{L}\) is said to be an elliptic structure of dimension \((r,n)\). In his seminal paper [Sem. analytic functions 1, 172--189 (1958; Zbl 0099.37502)] on a complex Frobenius theorem, \textit{L. Nirenberg} showed that for a given smooth elliptic structure, the smooth manifold is locally diffeomorphic to an open subset of \(\mathbb{R}^r \times \mathbb{C}^n\) in such a way that the structure is locally the span of \(\frac{\partial}{\partial t_1}, \ldots, \frac{\partial}{\partial t_r}, \frac{\partial}{\partial \overline{z}_1}, \ldots, \frac{\partial}{\partial \overline{z}_n}\), where \(\mathbb{R}^r \times \mathbb{C}^n\) has coordinates \((t_1, \ldots, t_r, z_1, \ldots, z_n)\). In this paper, the author presents optimal regularity for the coordinate charts which achieve this realization. It is shown that for all \(\zeta\in M\), there exists an open neighborhood \(V\subset M\) of \(\zeta\) and \(\mathscr{C}^{s+2}\) diffeomorphism \(\Phi:B_{\mathbb{R}^r\times\mathbb{C}^n}(1)\to V\) such that \[ \mathrm{span}_{\mathbb{C}}\left\{\left(\Phi_*\frac{\partial}{\partial t_k}\right)(\Phi(t,z)),\left(\Phi_*\frac{\partial}{\partial \overline{z}_j}(\Phi(t,z))\right)\right\}=\mathscr{L}_{(\Phi(t,z))} \] for each \((t,z)\in B_{\mathbb{R}^r\times\mathbb{C}^n}(1)\) with \(1\le k\le r\), \(1\le j\le n\). When \(s=\omega\), this property is classical, and when \(s=\infty\), then this property is the result of Nirenberg.

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