Localized concentration of semi-classical states for nonlinear Dirac equations

DOI10.1007/S00205-014-0811-4MaRDI QIDQ2340938zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yanheng Ding, Tian Xu

Publication date 21 April 2015

Published in Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6643

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Critical points of functionals in context of PDEs (e.g., energy functionals) (35B38) Estimates of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P15) Time-dependent Schrödinger equations and Dirac equations (35Q41) Electromagnetic interaction; quantum electrodynamics (81V10)

Abstract: The present paper studies concentration phenomena of semiclassical approximation of a massive Dirac equation with general nonlinear self-coupling: [ -ihbaralphacdot abla w+a�eta w+V(x)w=g(|w|)w ,. ] Compared with some existing issues, the most interesting results obtained here are twofold: the solutions concentrating around local minima of the external potential; and the nonlinearities assumed to be either super-linear or asymptotically linear at the infinity. As a consequence one sees that, if there are $k$ bounded domains $Lambd{a}_{j}subsetmathbb{R}^3$ such that $-a<mi{n}_{Lambd{a}_j}V=V(x_j)<mi{n}_{partialLambd{a}_j}V$, $x_{j}inLambd{a}_j$, then the $k$-families of solutions $w_{h}ba{r}^j$ concentrates around $x_j$ as $hbaro0$, respectively. The proof relies on variational arguments: the solutions are found as critical points of an energy functional. The Dirac operator has a continuous spectrum which is not bounded from below and above, hence the energy functional is strongly indefinite. A penalization technique is developed here to obtain the desired solutions.

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