Surface subgroups from linear programming

DOI10.1215/00127094-2877511zbMATH Open1367.20026arXiv1212.2618OpenAlexW2094781061MaRDI QIDQ2345112FDOQ2345112

Authors: Danny Calegari, Alden Walker 

Publication date: 19 May 2015

Published in: Duke Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We show that certain classes of graphs of free groups contain surface subgroups, including groups with positive $b_2$ obtained by doubling free groups along collections of subgroups, and groups obtained by "random" ascending HNN extensions of free groups. A special case is the HNN extension associated to the endomorphism of a rank 2 free group sending a to ab and b to ba; this example (and the random examples) answer in the negative well-known questions of Sapir. We further show that the unit ball in the Gromov norm (in dimension 2) of a double of a free group along a collection of subgroups is a finite-sided rational polyhedron, and that every rational class is virtually represented by an extremal surface subgroup. These results are obtained by a mixture of combinatorial, geometric, and linear programming techniques.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.2618

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zbMATH Keywords

linear programmingendomorphismfree grouphyperbolic groupHigman-Neumann-Neumann extensionssurface subgroupGromov's question

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Linear programming (90C05) Free nonabelian groups (20E05) Free products of groups, free products with amalgamation, Higman-Neumann-Neumann extensions, and generalizations (20E06) Geometric group theory (20F65) Topological methods in group theory (57M07) Probabilistic methods in group theory (20P05)

Cites Work

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• SOME GROUP THEORY PROBLEMS
• SURFACE SUBGROUPS OF RIGHT-ANGLED ARTIN GROUPS
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Cited In (9)

• Embeddings into Thompson's group \(V\) and \(\mathrm{co}\mathcal{C}{F}\) groups
• Essential surfaces in graph pairs
• Spectral gap of scl in free products
• Surface subgroups from homology.
• Integer hulls of linear polyhedra and scl in families
• Random groups contain surface subgroups
• Scl in graphs of groups
• The Chillingworth class is a signed stable length
• An ascending HNN extension of a free group inside $\operatorname {SL}_{2} \mathbb {C}$

Uses Software

• SageMath
• Gurobi
• GLPK
• scallop
• wallop

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